Treatment of seawater salinity sewage with intermittent sand bioreactors

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2021.423 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kristen M. Conroy ◽

Karen M. Mancl

Keyword(s):

Treatment Efficacy ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Ammonia Removal ◽

Artificial Seawater ◽

Septic Tank ◽

Hydraulic Loading Rate ◽

Hydraulic Loading ◽

Seawater Salinity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Septic Tank Effluent

Abstract In water stressed areas, flush toilets using fresh water are unsustainable. This paper explores the ability of intermittent sand bioreactors (ISBs) to treat seawater salinity septic tank effluent for on-site wastewater treatment in coastal regions. Two ISB designs, sand only and layered sand and gravel, are compared for treatment efficacy. Six columns of each design were constructed in the laboratory and dosed four times per day, for a total hydraulic loading rate of 4 cm/day, with artificial seawater salinity septic tank effluent over 21 months. Average TOC and ammonia removal for both designs averaged >90% and >96%, respectively. No statistically significant difference existed in the percent removal or effluent concentrations between the two designs. Half of the columns of each design produced effluent with >4 mg/L ammonia at least once during the study, resulting in discontinuation of wastewater application for seven weeks. This resting approach resulted in effective treatment for up to 9 months (limited by the end of the study). The results indicate that both ISB designs can treat artificial seawater salinity septic tank effluent, but that an additional 1/3 capacity is needed to maintain a consistent hydraulic loading rate while accounting for resting ISBs when treatment efficacy declines.

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PEMANFAATAN TANAH VULKANIK DALAM SISTEM MULTIPLE SOIL LAYERING (MSL) TERHADAP PEMURNIAN AIR IRIGASI TERPOLUSI

Jurnal BiBieT ◽

10.22216/jbbt.v2i1.3085 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 49

Author(s):

Welly Herman ◽

Darmawan Darmawan ◽

Gusnidar Gusnidar

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Quality Standard ◽

High Ability ◽

Volcanic Soil ◽

Soil Mixture ◽

Hydraulic Loading Rate ◽

Hydraulic Loading ◽

Soil Layering ◽

Mesh Sieve

The research aimed to make Volcanic soil of Multiple Soil Layering (MSL) with different Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) on the purification of polluted irrigation water and to determine the appropriate HLR against purification of polluted irrigation water. The research used an MSL system of the same Soil Mixture Block (SMB) size from a study done by (Chen et al., 2007) arranged in an Acrylic box measuring 50 cm x 10 cm x 60 cm (PxLxT). Making SMB is done by mixing volcanic soil, sawdust, iron, charcoal that has been mashed by 50 mesh sieve, with a combination of 7: 1: 1: 1. The MSL system is supplied with irrigation water taken from the Gunuang Nago irrigation and Pasar Baru area, Cupak Tangah village, Pauh IX sub-district, Padang continuously with different HLR of 250 L/m2/day, 500 L/m2/ day and 1000 L/m2/day. From the result of this research, it is found that MSL system can decrease pollutant content in polluted irrigation water until the concentration below the water quality standard based on PP. 82 of 2001 and MSL system with HLR 250 L/m2/day have high ability in purifying BOD and COD and HLR 1000 L/m2/day has a high ability in purifying NH4+, NO2- and NO3- on polluted irrigation water. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh tanah vulkanik dalam sistem Multiple Soil Layering (MSL) dengan Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) yang berbeda terhadap pemurnian air irigasi terpolusi. Penelitian menggunakan sistem MSL dengan ukuran Soil Mixture Block (SMB) yang sama dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan (Chen, Sato, Wakatsuki, & Masunaga, 2007)yang disusun di dalam kotak Acrylic berukuran 50 cm x 10 cm x 60 cm (PxLxT). Soil Mixture Block terdiri dari tanah vulkanik, serbuk gergaji, besi, arang yang telah dihaluskan oleh ayakan 50 mesh, dengan perbandingan kombinasi 7:1:1:1. Sistem MSL dialirkan air irigasi yang diambil dari irigasi Gunuang Nago dan Kawasan Pasar Baru, Kelurahan Cupak Tangah, Kecamatan Pauh IX, Padang secara terus menerus dengan HLR yang berbeda yaitu 250 L/m2/hari, 500 L/m2/hari dan 1000 L/m2/hari. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa sistem MSL mampu menurunkan kandungan zat pencemar pada air irigasi terpolusi mencapai kosentrasi di bawah baku mutu air berdasarkan PP No. 82 tahun 2001 dengan HLR 250 L/m2/hari mempunyai kemampuan yang tinggi dalam memurnikan kadar pencemar BOD dan COD sedangkan HLR 1000 L/m2/hari mempunyai kemampuan yang tinggi dalam memurnikan kadar pencemar NH4+, NO2- dan NO3- pada air irigasi terpolusi.

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Aeration characteristics of a rectangular stepped cascade system

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.828 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 415-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sanjib Moulick ◽

Naresh V. Tambada ◽

Basant K. Singh ◽

B. C. Mal

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Step Height ◽

Optimum Number ◽

Hydraulic Loading Rate ◽

Hydraulic Loading ◽

Aeration Efficiency ◽

Stepped Cascade ◽

Independent Parameters

Aeration experiments, maintaining nappe flow conditions, were carried out on a rectangular stepped cascade of total height 3.0 m to determine the total number of steps, slope of the entire cascade and hydraulic loading rate at which maximum overall aeration efficiency occurs, keeping the surface area of individual steps constant. Based on dimensional analysis, the overall aeration efficiency at standard conditions (E20) was expressed as a function of square of total number of steps (N2) and dimensionless discharge (dc/h), where dc and h represent critical depth in a rectangular prismatic channel and individual step height respectively. An empirical equation with E20 as the response and N2 and dc/h as the independent parameters was developed based on the experimental results subject to 36 ≤ N2 ≤ 196 and 0.009 ≤ dc/h ≤ 0.144. The experimental results showed that the overall aeration efficiency (E20) for a particular step height of stepped cascade increases with increase in dc/h up to a certain value and then decreases. This may be due to at higher dc/h, i.e., at higher hydraulic loading rate, the flow approaches the transition zone and thereby aeration efficiency decreases. E20 was also found to increase with number of steps at any hydraulic loading rate, because of the increased surface area of fall. The optimum number of steps, slope of the entire stepped cascade and hydraulic loading rate were found to be 14, 0.351 and 0.009 m2/s respectively producing the maximum value of overall aeration efficiency of 0.90.

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Septic Tank Effluent Treatment Using Laboratory-Scale Peat Filters

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1994.002 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 19-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R.N. Coleman ◽

I.D. Gaudet

Keyword(s):

Fecal Coliform ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Microbial Colonization ◽

Effluent Treatment ◽

Septic Tank ◽

Upward Flow ◽

Septic Tank Effluent ◽

Flow Treatment ◽

Coarse Gravel ◽

Bod Removal

Abstract Filter columns were designed, constructed from sand, peat and coarse gravel, and their effectiveness assessed in the treatment of septic tank effluent. An initial loading rate of 4 cm/d was applied to the filter columns in either a downward or upward flow at a temperature of 10°C or 20°C. The loading rate was later increased to 8 cm/d. Filter-column plugging occurred in the downward flow treatment but not in the upward flow treatment. Fecal Coliform removal was usually greater than 95%, BOD removal was greater than 75%, and various removal levels were exhibited for other components. Microbial colonization of peat and gravel was effective as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

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Impact of hydraulic loading rate and media type on removal of bulk organic matter and nitrogen from primary effluent in a laboratory-scale soil aquifer treatment system

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2013.242 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 217-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Chol D. T. Abel ◽

Saroj K. Sharma ◽

Ervin Buçpapaj ◽

Maria D. Kennedy

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Ammonium Nitrogen ◽

Silica Sand ◽

Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽

Nitrogen Reduction ◽

Hydraulic Loading Rate ◽

Hydraulic Loading ◽

Media Type ◽

Bulk Organic Matter

The effect of hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and media type on the removal of bulk organic matter and nitrogen from primary effluent during soil aquifer treatment was investigated by conducting laboratory-scale soil column studies. Two soil columns packed with silica sand were operated at HLRs of 0.625 and 1.25 m/d, while a third column was packed with dune filtering material and operated at HLR of 1.25 m/d. Bulk organic matter was effectively removed by 47.5 ± 1.2% and 45.1 ± 1.2% in silica sand columns operated at 0.625 and 1.25 m/d, respectively and 57.3 ± 7.6% in dune filtering material column operated at 1.25 m/d. Ammonium-nitrogen reduction of 74.5 ± 18.0% was achieved at 0.625 m/d compared to 39.1 ± 4.3% at 1.25 m/d in silica sand columns, whereas 49.2 ± 5.2% ammonium-nitrogen reduction was attained at 1.25 m/d in the dune filtering material column. Ammonium-nitrogen reduction in the first 3 m was assumed to be dominated by nitrification process evidenced by corresponding increase in nitrate. Part of the ammonium-nitrogen was adsorbed onto the media, which was observed at higher rates between 3 and 5 m in silica sand column operated at HLR of 0.625 m/d and dune filtering material column operated at 1.25 m/d compared to 1.25 m/d silica.

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Effect of aeration and hydraulic loading rate on nitrogen removal by subsurface infiltration systems

Water Environment Research ◽

10.1002/wer.1030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 91 (5) ◽

pp. 399-406

Author(s):

Fanping Zheng ◽

Linli Huang ◽

Jing Pan ◽

Shiyue Qi ◽

Chaoquan Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Hydraulic Loading Rate ◽

Hydraulic Loading

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Influence of Hydraulic Loading Rate on Horizontal Zeolite Wetland Effluent Quality

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.659 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 573-574 ◽

pp. 659-662

Author(s):

Hao Wang

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Secondary Effluent ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus Removal ◽

Hydraulic Loading Rate ◽

Effluent Quality ◽

Hydraulic Loading

In Tangshan area, the secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plants was used for this study. Horizontal zeolite wetland was carried out treating it. Hydraulic loading rate was the parameters for analyzing the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of pollutants from the secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plant. Zeolite constructed wetlands showed different behaviors for nitrogen and phosphorus removals.Under the optimum hydraulic loading rate, the primary pollutions were removed to a large extent.

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Effects of Hydraulic Loading Rate on Nutrient Removal in Multi-Stage Constructed Wetland

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1498 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 864-867 ◽

pp. 1498-1502

Author(s):

Qing Feng Chen ◽

Wen Guo Dong ◽

Jun Jian Ma ◽

Qing Li ◽

Xin Guo Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Constructed Wetland ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Optimal Parameter ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Operational Parameter ◽

Hydraulic Loading Rate ◽

Hydraulic Loading ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Operation Period ◽

D 12

Hydraulic loading rate (HLR) is an important operational parameter for constructed wetland to purify wastewater. In this paper, it is the main objective to select the optimal parameter of HLR. During the four HLRs (i.e., 6 cm/d, 12 cm/d, 24 cm/d and 48 cm/d) operation period, six days were used as one stage. The experimental results showed that the best average removal rates of CODcr (59.7%) and NH3-N (89.4%) were at the HLR of 6 cm/d. In the meantime, the best average removal rate of total phosphorus (TP, 50.0%) was at the HLR of 24 cm/d. According to the low influent TP concentration, it is suggested that the HLR of 6 cm/d should be used in the multi-stage constructed wetland.

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