EXTRATING METHOD OF DEFORMED PART BY MICROTREMOR ON STONE WALLS OF JAPANESE TRADITIONAL CASTLE

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Stone Walls

scholarly journals Household Economies of Chepang People in Chitwan

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ganesh Sharma ◽  
Badri Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Annual Income ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Economies ◽  
Wild Fruits ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Development Committee ◽  
Stone Walls

<p>This study attempts to characterize a typical Chepang community in Chitwan  district with reference to their economy at household level based on the study conducted in Lothar Village Development Committee. Chepang are considered to be one of the highly marginalized communities in Nepal having traditional subsistence based small economies. Their houses are small with mud floor, stone walls and straw roofs. One third of the Chepang households do not have toilets. They rear small number of mixed livestocks in a house eg. Cattle, buffaloes, poultry, goat and pig. They do not have household amenities like freeze, telephone, television, computer, motorcar and motorbike; but have mobile phones. More than ninty percent of Chepang go to jungle to collect one or the other types of edibles like githavyakur, wild fruits, and chiuri.Ninty five percent of Chepang people do not have bank account, thus rely on their friends and relatives for borrowing in household needs for money. Chi-square test reveals highly significant association between size of landholding and food sufficiency months, level of education and annual income, purpose of taking loan and sources of loan; as well as estimated  annual income and account holding in bank.</p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Economic Literature</em></strong><em>, </em>Vol. XIII August 2016, page 39-45</p>

scholarly journals Features Analysis of Dry Stone Walls of Tuscany (Italy)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 13887-13903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Agnoletti ◽  
Leonardo Conti ◽  
Lorenza Frezza ◽  
Massimo Monti ◽  
Antonio Santoro
Keyword(s):  
Stone Walls

scholarly journals Florence RockinArt

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Pecchioni ◽  
Alba Patrizia Santo
Keyword(s):  
Close Link ◽  
Artificial Materials ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Web App ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Stone Walls ◽  
The City ◽  
The Web

The city of Firenze represents, for the variety of its artistic and architectural heritage, a kind of open-air museum. Works of art and monuments are mainly made of the rocks outcropping in Firenze and in the surrounding areas; indeed, a close link exists between monuments, geographical position of the city and its history. Florence, is characterised by the color of its stone-built cultural heritage, mainly by the warm ochraceous color of the Medieval Pietraforte sandstone and the cerulean grey of the Renaissance Pietra Serena sandstone together with other natural and artificial materials used to complete or cover the stone walls. The web-app Florence RockinArt was created to deepen the knowledge of the stone materials. It is addressed to all those who are interested in discovering the monuments of Florence by carefully observing the stone materials that make up them. The web-app contains short historical notes on the main monuments and detailed geological, mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of the natural and artificial materials of which they are constituted.

scholarly journals Monument Boundary Definition and Exploration Pits at the Krasnyy Vostok Site in the River Kuma Basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Субботин
Keyword(s):  
Western Slope ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
Boundary Definition ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Western Side ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Stone Walls

В статье излагаются результаты инструментальной съемки и шурфовки на раннесредневековом городище, выявленном в начале 1970-х гг. Х. Х. Биджиевым. Городище и связанное с ним селище занимают высокое мысовое плато над каньоном левого берега р. Кумы в Карачаево-Черкесии. Площадь укрепленного городища – 4 га, селища – немногим меньше. С трех сторон городище абсолютно неприступно, с четвертой, западной, надежно защищено высоким валом и глубоким рвом. На городище и селище зафиксирован ряд западин, которые, скорее всего, являются заросшими остатками построек. Содержимое шести шурфов – каменные развалы фундаментов (?) строений и фрагменты сосудов. Керамика может быть датирована VII–X вв. н. э. Памятник являлся одним из звеньев в цепи достаточно известных (несколько десятков) укрепленных крепостей данного времени в предгорьях и горах Северного Кавказа. Строительство сети сложных оборонительных сооружений свидетельствует о высокой строительной культуре и социальной дифференциации общества в это время. The article presents the results of instrumental surveys and pitting at an early medieval site, identified in the early 1970s by Kh.Kh. Bidzhiev. The investigated site and the settlement associated with it occupy a high cape plateau above the canyon of the left bank of the river Kuma in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The object of study is located in 2.4 km south-west of the southern outskirts of the village Krasnovostochny. The area of the fortified site is 4 hectares, the area of the settlement is slightly less. On three sides, this site is absolutely impregnable. On the forth western side,on its western slope, it is reliably protected by a rampart of up to 6 to 7 m high and a moat of1 to 2 m deep. On the outside of the southern part of the rampart, a small outcrop of masonry constructed of the large blocks of limestone formed in the dry stone wall was discovered. The gates to the site were most likely located on the northern side of the rampart, in the place where a slight decrease was discovered, not at the southern end of the rampart (according to Bidzhiev) because no sign of an entrance was found there. The site revealed several shallow depressions of a sub-square, sub-rectangular or oval shape with a noticeable roller along the contour. There are at least 7 such depressions in the sectional area from 8 to 15 m. Probably, these depressions are the overgrown remains of the foundations of some buildings in the central part of the site. The content of 6 pits made on the territory of the site and the settlement are stone remains of the foundations (?) of ancient buildings and fragments of vessels. The collection of ceramics consists of medium-sized fragments of the walls of pottery (?) vessels, or vessels that are corrected on a wheel. The ceramics are diverse in the color of clay, density of the paste, firing, and impurities. According to the character, paste and collar shapes, ceramics can be dated to the last third of the 1st millennium AD, which does not contradict the opinion of the site’s discoverer on this issue (7th to 10th cent. AD). The examined site was one of the links in the main chain of fairly widely known (several dozen) fortified stone fortresses of this time in the foothills and mountains of the North Caucasus. Specialists know more than 130 similar stone sites, sometimes located in groups in the foothills and mountainous regions: settlements with defensive stone walls. Such small fortresses were built every 2 to 3 km along the tip of the cape above the river. The construction of a network of complex defensive structures indicates a high building culture and a social differentiation of society at the time.

scholarly journals Ground flora of field boundary dry stone walls in the Burren, Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-376
Author(s):  
Lindsay Hollingsworth ◽  
Marcus Collier
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Field Boundary ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Rural Landscapes ◽  
Ground Flora ◽  
Floral Ecology ◽  
Habitat Corridors ◽  
Western Ireland ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Stone Walls

Despite the fact that field boundary (dry) stone walls are globally common in rural landscapes, very little research has been carried out regarding them. Dry stone walls may act as refuges for a range of plants and animals, especially in areas where conditions do not favour a high biodiversity or areas of high exposure. They may also provide connectivity via habitat corridors and may even serve as a habitat in their own right. This paper reports on a case study survey of the forb assemblages of field boundary dry stone walls in terms of species richness, biodiversity, and composition in comparison to the surrounding landscape, and aims to provide some insight into the floral ecology characteristics of dry stone walls. To accomplish this, the forbs growing in and immediately adjacent to 18 segments of dry stone wall in the Burren region of western Ireland, were surveyed. The forb assemblages growing within the walls were compared with those growing in the 0.5 m closest to the walls and those growing the areas 0.5-1.0 m on either side of the walls. The wall assemblages were shown to have lower species richness and each category of assemblage was shown to have significantly different species composition. This research indicates that the dry stone walls of the Burren may be associated with a distinct floral ecology, and therefore may act as habitat corridors in an otherwise exposed landscape.

scholarly journals Effects of land use changes and conservation measures on land degradation under a Mediterranean climate

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Mohawesh ◽  
A. Taimeh ◽  
F. Ziadat
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Stone Walls ◽  
Effects Of Land Use ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures

Abstract. Land degradation resulting from improper land use and management is a major cause of declined productivity in the arid environment. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of a sequence of land use changes, soil conservation measures, and the time since their implementation on the degradation of selected soil properties. The climate for the selected 105 km2 watershed varies from semi-arid sub-tropical to Mediterranean sub-humid. Land use changes were detected using aerial photographs acquired in 1953, 1978, and 2008. A total of 218 samples were collected from 40 sites in three different rainfall zones to represent different land use changes and different lengths of time since the construction of stone walls. Analyses of variance were used to test the differences between the sequences of land use changes (interchangeable sequences of forest, orchards, field crops, and range), the time since the implementation of soil conservation measures, and rainfall on the thickness of the A-horizon, soil organic carbon content, and texture. Soil organic carbon reacts actively with different combinations and sequences of land use changes. The time since stone walls were constructed showed significant impacts on soil organic carbon and the thickness of the surface horizon. The effects of changing the land use and whether the changes were associated with the construction of stone walls, varied according to the annual rainfall. The results help in understanding the effects of land use changes on land degradation processes and carbon sequestration potential and in formulating sound soil conservation plans.

The stone fortifications of the settlement at Spišský Štvrtok. A contribution to the discussion on the long-distance contacts of the Otomani-Füzesabony culture

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Mateusz Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Distance Relationships ◽  
Stone Walls

Zusammenfassung: In den letzten Jahrzehnten nahm die Siedlung von Spišský Štvrtok eine wichtige Rolle in der Debatte über jene Fernbeziehungen ein, die die Welt der mykenischen Kultur mit Mitteleuropa verbanden. Obwohl die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf dem Gelände noch immer nicht in ihrer Gesamtheit veröffentlicht sind, postulierte der Ausgräber J. Vladár eine Übereinstimmung der Steinmauern und Bastionen mit solchen mykenischer Architektur und fand für diese Thesen wissenschaftlichen Zuspruch. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird der Annahme jedoch widersprochen. Die Befestigungen von Spišský Štvrtok werden in einem vergleichenden Ansatz diskutiert und Siedlungsstrukturen gegenübergestellt, die aus der Otomani-Füzesabony-Kultur und der mykenischen Kultur bekannt sind. Der Autor zeigt im Vergleich mit weiteren Befunden bronzezeitlicher Verteidigungsarchitektur die Alleinstellung der vorliegenden Anlage. Die dabei sichtbar werdenden Unterschiede rechtfertigen die Notwendigkeit, nach alternativen chronologischen Ansätzen für die steinerne Befestigungsanlage von Spišský Štvrtok zu suchen. Résumé: L’habitat fortifié de Spišský Štvrtok a joué un rôle important au cours des dernières décennies dans le débat sur les relations à longue portée entre le monde de la civilisation mycénienne et l’Europe centrale. Quoique les résultats des fouilles de ce site n’aient pas été entièrement publiés, les opinions de leur auteur, J. Vladár, proposant que les murs et bastions en pierre encerclant le site démontrent des affinités avec l’architecture mycénienne, ont largement été acceptées. L’auteur du présent article conteste cette thèse. Les fortifications de Spišský Štvrtok font ici l’objet d’une approche comparative, les confrontant à d’autres structures d’habitat appartenant à la culture d’Otomani-Füzesabony et à la civilisation mycénienne. L’auteur démontre ainsi le caractère distinct de Spišský Štvrtok par rapport aux modèles courants de l’architecture de l’âge du Bronze. Cette disparité demande un autre modèle pour expliquer la chronologie des fortifications en pierre sur le site en question. Abstract: In recent decades, the settlement at Spišský Štvrtok played an important role in the debate concerning the long-distance relationships linking the world of the Mycenaean civilisation with Central Europe. Although the findings of the excavations at the site have not been published in their entirety, the views of its excavator, J. Vladár, who suggested that the site’s stone walls and bastions bore a similarity to Mycenaean architecture, have been widely accepted. In this article, the author challenges this thesis. The Spišský Štvrtok fortifications are discussed in a comparative approach, set against other settlement structures known from the Otomani-Füzesabony culture and the Mycenaean culture. The author demonstrates the apparent distinctiveness of Spišský Štvrtok when compared with the known models of Bronze Age defensive architecture. The disparity justifies the need to seek an alternative explanation for the chronology of the stone fortifications at the site in question.

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