A review on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): “Symptoms, Therapies and Recent Case Studies”

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandeep Thakur ◽  
Diksha Choudhary ◽  
Bhupinder Kumar ◽  
Amit Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Post Traumatic

: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), previously known as battle fatigue syndrome or shell shock, is a severe mental disturbance condition that is normally triggered by the experience of some frightening/scary events or trauma where a person undergoes some serious physical or mental harm or threatened. PTSD is a long-life effect of the continuous occurrence of traumatic conditions which, leading the production of feelings of helplessness, intense fear, and horror in the person. There are various examples of events that can cause PTSD, such as physical, mental, or sexual assault at home or working place by others, unexpected death of a loved one, an accidental event, war, or some kind of natural disaster. Treatment of PTSD includes the removal or reduction of these emotional feelings or symptoms with the aim to improve the daily life functioning of a person. Problems which are needed to be considered in case of PTSD like ongoing trauma, abusive or bad relationships. Various drugs which are used for the treatment of PTSD include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (citalopram, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, etc.); tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline and isocarboxazid); mood stabilizers (Divalproex and lamotrigine); atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole and quetiapine), etc. In this review, we have covered the different risk factors, case studies related to various treatment options with different age group peoples in PTSD and their effects on them. We have also covered the symptoms and associated disorders which can play a key role in the development of PTSD.

scholarly journals Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 206 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Hoskins ◽  
Jennifer Pearce ◽  
Andrew Bethell ◽  
Liliya Dankova ◽  
Corrado Barbui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundPharmacological treatment is widely used for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) despite questions over its efficacy.AimsTo determine the efficacy of all types of pharmacotherapy, as monotherapy, in reducing symptoms of PTSD, and to assess acceptability.MethodA systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was undertaken; 51 studies were included.ResultsSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were found to be statistically superior to placebo in reduction of PTSD symptoms but the effect size was small (standardised mean difference −0.23, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.12). For individual pharmacological agents compared with placebo in two or more trials, we found small statistically significant evidence of efficacy for fluoxetine, paroxetine and venlafaxine.ConclusionsSome drugs have a small positive impact on PTSD symptoms and are acceptable. Fluoxetine, paroxetine and venlafaxine may be considered as potential treatments for the disorder. For most drugs there is inadequate evidence regarding efficacy for PTSD, pointing to the need for more research in this area.

Usability Assessment of a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) mHealth App

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1824-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Rodriguez-Paras ◽  
Farzan Sasangohar
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Mental Health Disorder ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Color Scheme

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health disorder that can affect those who have experienced a traumatic event. Despite the availability of different treatment options for PTSD, there are several barriers that prevent some patients from receiving treatment. To overcome these barriers, mobile health (mHealth) apps have been developed to allow access to therapeutic and self-assessment tools outside the clinic. Our review of literature shows that the three mostly used apps (PTSD Coach, PE Coach, and CPT Coach) are not empirically evaluated and very little information is available for the process used in design and development of these tools. This paper documents a usability study of the most popular PTSD mHealth app; PTSD Coach. Findings indicate that the learning component of the app provides useful information, the assessment is effective in keeping track of the symptoms, and that some of the tools provided can help mitigate some of the symptoms. However, the color scheme, lack of personalization options, and lack of clarity on the mitigation techniques was deemed to affect usability.

Treatment of sleep disturbances in post-traumatic stress disorder

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Tomas
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Post Traumatic

Sleep disturbances are very common in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and can have various negative sequelae, including worsening of perceived levels of stress, depression, and suicidal ideation. Although PTSD treatment can lead to improved sleep in some patients, there are a number of patients whose sleep disturbances do not remit even after treatment and can persist long after the original trauma. There are various non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment modalities that have been studied. Non-pharmacological therapies include image rehearsal therapy (IRT), cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI), prolonged exposure (PE), and eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Pharmacological studies include alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonists, alpha-adrenergic agonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), other antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, sedative hypnotics, and antiepileptics. The therapies with the most evidence to support their use are Image Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) and the alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, prazosin.

scholarly journals Influence of predispositions on post-traumatic stress disorder: does it vary by trauma severity?

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Breslau ◽  
J. P. Troost ◽  
K. Bohnert ◽  
Z. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Trauma Severity ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundOnly a minority of trauma victims (<10%) develops post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that victims vary in predispositions to the PTSD response to traumas. It is assumed that the influence of predispositions is inversely related to trauma severity: when trauma is extreme predispositions are assumed to play a secondary role. This assumption has not been tested. We estimate the influence of key predispositions on PTSD induced by an extreme trauma – associated with a high percentage of PTSD – (sexual assault), relative to events of lower magnitude (accidents, disaster, and unexpected death of someone close).MethodThe National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) is representative of the adult population of the USA. A total of 34 653 respondents completed the second wave in which lifetime PTSD was assessed. We conducted three series of multinomial logistic regressions, comparing the influence of six predispositions on the PTSD effect of sexual assault with each comparison event. Three pre-existing disorders and three parental history variables were examined.ResultsPredispositions predicted elevated PTSD risk among victims of sexual assault as they did among victims of comparison events. We detected no evidence that the influence of predispositions on PTSD risk was significantly lower when the event was sexual assault, relative to accidents, disasters and unexpected death of someone close.ConclusionsImportant predispositions increase the risk of PTSD following sexual assault as much as they do following accidents, disaster, and unexpected death of someone close. Research on other predispositions and alternative classifications of event severity would be illuminating.

scholarly journals Association between traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder: results from the ESEMeD-Spain study

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Olaya ◽  
J. Alonso ◽  
L. Atwoli ◽  
R. C. Kessler ◽  
G. Vilagut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
World Health ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Post Traumatic

Background.The relative importance of traumatic events (TEs) in accounting for the social burden of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could vary according to cross-cultural factors. In that sense, no such studies have yet been conducted in the Spanish general population. The present study aims to determine the epidemiology of trauma and PTSD in a Spanish community sample using the randomly selected TEs method.Methods.The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)-Spain is a cross-sectional household survey of a representative sample of adult population. Lifetime prevalence of self-reported TEs and lifetime and 12-month prevalence of PTSD were evaluated using the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Reports of PTSD associated with randomly selected TEs were weighted by the individual-level probabilities of TE selection to generate estimates of population-level PTSD risk associated with each TE.Results.Road accident was the most commonly self-reported TE (14.1%). Sexual assault had the highest conditional risk of PTSD (16.5%). The TEs that contributed most to societal PTSD burden were unexpected death of a loved one (36.4% of all cases) and sexual assault (17.2%). Being female and having a low educational level were associated with low risk of overall TE exposure and being previously married was related to higher risk. Being female was related to high risk of PTSD after experiencing a TE.Conclusions.Having an accident is commonly reported among Spanish adults, but two TE are responsible for the highest burden associated with PTSD: the unexpected death of someone close and sexual assault. These results can help designing public health interventions to reduce the societal PTSD burden.

scholarly journals Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Roberts ◽  
S. E. Gilman ◽  
J. Breslau ◽  
N. Breslau ◽  
K. C. Koenen
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundTo identify sources of race/ethnic differences related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we compared trauma exposure, risk for PTSD among those exposed to trauma, and treatment-seeking among Whites, Blacks, Hispanics and Asians in the US general population.MethodData from structured diagnostic interviews with 34 653 adult respondents to the 2004–2005 wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were analysed.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of PTSD was highest among Blacks (8.7%), intermediate among Hispanics and Whites (7.0% and 7.4%) and lowest among Asians (4.0%). Differences in risk for trauma varied by type of event. Whites were more likely than the other groups to have any trauma, to learn of a trauma to someone close, and to learn of an unexpected death, but Blacks and Hispanics had higher risk of child maltreatment, chiefly witnessing domestic violence, and Asians, Black men, and Hispanic women had higher risk of war-related events than Whites. Among those exposed to trauma, PTSD risk was slightly higher among Blacks [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.22] and lower among Asians (aOR 0.67) compared with Whites, after adjustment for characteristics of trauma exposure. All minority groups were less likely to seek treatment for PTSD than Whites (aOR range: 0.39–0.61), and fewer than half of minorities with PTSD sought treatment (range: 32.7–42.0%).ConclusionsWhen PTSD affects US race/ethnic minorities, it is usually untreated. Large disparities in treatment indicate a need for investment in accessible and culturally sensitive treatment options.

Post-traumatic stress disorder: update on diagnosis and treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Joshua C. Morganstein ◽  
Gary H. Wynn ◽  
James C. West
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
Post Traumatic

SUMMARY Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common trauma and stressor-related disorder. Trauma-focused psychotherapies and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors represent current state of the art treatment for PTSD, with current evidence favouring psychotherapy as first-line treatment. Much room remains for development of more effective therapeutics. This article give a brief update on diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.

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