scholarly journals The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Students of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Abdulmajeed A. Alkhamees ◽  
Moath S. Aljohani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Academic Advancement ◽  
Previous Diagnosis ◽  
Sample Technique ◽  
The Impact

Background: Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the numbers of cases and deaths worldwide have begun to increase, the closure of schools, universities, shops, workplaces, and the vast degree of precautionary actions, have left students feeling helpless, isolated, bored, and uncertain of what would happen to their academic advancement. Our study aims to assess the degree of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students in Saudi Arabia. Methods: During the early days of the pandemic, the survey sample was based on non-probability sampling. We conducted an online-based survey using a snowball sample technique. The survey collected data on several aspects of the participants, including the psychological impact of COVID-19, using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The current study shows an extensive analysis of the survey with a focus on the impact of the pandemic on students. Results: A total of 336 students were recruited for the study and responded to the survey. The IES-R showed that 7.1% and 23.8% of the students experienced moderate and severe symptoms, respectively. On the DASS stress subscale, 13.4% and 10.7% of students experienced severe and extremely severe stress symptoms, respectively. With regards to anxiety, 6.0% and 15.8% of students experienced severe and extremely severe symptoms, respectively. As much as 11.6% and 17.6% of the students experienced severe and extremely severe symptoms of depression, respectively. Females were more likely to experience symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), stress, anxiety, and depression. Having a family member working in the field of health/medicine was significantly associated with depression; poor to average health and previous diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder was associated with a higher chance of developing PTSD, stress, anxiety, and depression. Conclusion: During the early days of the pandemic, nearly one-fourth of students experienced moderate to severe symptoms of PTSD. Our findings could help guide schools and universities in implementing a clear, effective strategy for students to navigate the coming academic year and expand the efforts made on academic and psychological counseling, especially for the vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals Mental Health of the General Population during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Tale of Two Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Cuiyan Wang ◽  
Mohammad A. Fardin ◽  
Mahmoud Shirazi ◽  
Riyu Pan ◽  
Xiaoyang Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Impact

Background: This study aimed to compare the severity of psychological impact, anxiety and depression between people from two developing countries, Iran and China, and to correlate mental health parameters with variables relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although China and Iran are developing countries based on the World Bank’s criteria, these two countries are different in access to resources and health care systems. We hypothesized that Iranians would show higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress as compared to Chinese. Methods: This study collected information related to the COVID-19 pandemic including physical health, precautionary measures and knowledge about the pandemic. We also used validated questionnaires such as the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess the mental health status. Results: There were a total of 1411 respondents (550 from Iran; 861 from China). The mean IES-R scores of respondents from both countries were above the cut-off for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Iranians had significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression (p < 0.01). Significantly more Iranians believed COVID-19 was transmitted via contact, practised hand hygiene, were unsatisfied with health information and expressed less confidence in their doctors, but were less likely to wear a facemask (p < 0.001). Significantly more Iranians received health information related to COVID-19 via television while Chinese preferred the Internet (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This cross-country study found that Iranians had significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression as compared to Chinese. The difference in reported measures between respondents from Iran and China were due to differences in access to healthcare services and governments’ responses to the pandemic.

scholarly journals Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adults and Their Children in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Davico ◽  
Ada Ghiggia ◽  
Daniele Marcotulli ◽  
Federica Ricci ◽  
Federico Amianto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact

Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has abruptly changed the life of millions as travel and social contacts have been severely restricted. We assessed the psychological impact of COVID-19 on adults and children, with special attention to health care workers (HCWs).Methods: A self-rated online survey, including the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) for adults and the Children Revised Impact of Event Scale-Revised-13 items (CRIES-13) for their 8–18-year-old offspring, was conducted in Italy on March 20–26, 2020. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to the data, accounting for age, sex, education, and other demographic characteristics.Results: Data were available from 2,419 adults (78.4% females, mean age 38.1 ± SD 13.1 years; 15.7% HCW) and 786 children (50.1% male, mean age 12.3 ± 3.2 years). Median (IQR) IES-R score was 30.0 (21.0–40.0), corresponding to mild psychological impact, with 33.2% reporting severe psychological impact. IES-R was lower in HCWs (29.0) than non-HCWs (31.0), but HCWs directly involved in COVID-19 care had higher scores [33.0 (26.0–43.2)] than uninvolved HCWs [28.0 (19.0–36.0)]. Median CRIES-13 score was [21.0 (11.0–32.0)], with 30.9% of the children at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Parent and child scores were correlated.Conclusions: Up to 30% of adult and children in the pandemic area are at high risk for post-traumatic stress disturbances. The risk is greater for HCWs directly involved in COVID-19 care and for their children.

scholarly journals Intensive Care Unit-Specific Virtual Reality for Psychological Recovery After ICU Treatment for COVID-19; A Brief Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan H. Vlake ◽  
Jasper van Bommel ◽  
Merel E. Hellemons ◽  
Evert-Jan Wils ◽  
Diederik Gommers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact

A substantial number of ICU survivors are expected due to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, who are at risk for psychological impairments, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. We designed a COVID-19 intensive care unit-specific virtual reality (ICU-VR) intervention and tested it on one of our COVID-19 patients. The impact of event scale-revised and the hospital anxiety and depression scale showed that this patient suffered from PTSD, anxiety, and depression on the day of the intervention. One week after receiving ICU-VR, levels of PTSD, anxiety and depression had normalized, and stayed normalized until 6 months after discharge. In conclusion, innovative technologies, such as VR, have the potential to improve psychological rehabilitation, and should therefore be considered by clinicians for the treatment of ICU-related psychological sequelae after COVID-19.

scholarly journals Estimation of Prevalence and Comparing the Levels of Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Psychological Impact Before and After COVID-19 Lockdown Among Front Line Health Care Workers

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 237437352110698
Author(s):  
Sri Lakshmi Latha ◽  
Tina Priscilla ◽  
Sree Sudha TY ◽  
Ch. Saritha ◽  
Ashok Alimchandani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Front Desk ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence and compare the levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress experienced by the frontline health care workers (HCWs) during the lockdown and post lockdown periods at Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India. All participants involved in the study were evaluated by using depression, anxiety and stress scale 21, the impact of event scale revised scale for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a standardized questionnaire. During the lockdown period, the score for depression was observed mean scores to be more in front desk people (2.70) followed by pharmacists and technicians (2.60) and security (2.28) in the lockdown period. During the lockdown, the highest levels of anxiety were seen in security staff (4.72) and housekeeping (4.8), with a considerable increase after the lockdown situation. During the lockdown period, the mean score of pharmacists and technicians (10.33) were more stressed than other HCWs, and the second-highest levels of stress were observed in security (10.11) and front desk workers (10.09), respectively. Our results show that there was a worsening of the psychological impact of the pandemic and an increase in PTSD, stress, anxiety, and depression among HCWs. Female gender, pharmacists, and technicians were the most vulnerable group to develop psychiatric comorbidities.

scholarly journals Brainstem Quadruple Aberrant Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Beta-Amyloid, Alpha-Synuclein and TDP-43 Pathology, Stress and Sleep Behavior Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6689
Author(s):  
Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas ◽  
Ravi Philip Rajkumar ◽  
Elijah W. Stommel ◽  
Randy Kulesza ◽  
Yusra Mansour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Hyperphosphorylated Tau ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Impact

Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau (p-τ), amyloid-β peptide, alpha-synuclein and TDP-43 brainstem and supratentorial pathology are documented in forensic ≤40y autopsies in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC), and p-τ is the major aberrant protein. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an elevated risk of subsequent dementia, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is documented in PD, AD, Lewy body dementia and ALS. This study aimed to identify an association between PTSD and potential pRBD in Mexico. An anonymous online survey of 4502 urban college-educated adults, 29.3 ± 10.3 years; MMC, n = 1865; non-MMC, n = 2637, measured PTSD symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) and pRBD symptoms using the RBD Single-Question. Over 50% of the participants had IES-R scores ≥33 indicating probable PTSD. pRBD was identified in 22.6% of the participants across Mexico and 32.7% in MMC residents with PTSD. MMC subjects with PTSD had an OR 2.6218 [2.5348, 2.7117] of answering yes to the pRBD. PTSD and pRBD were more common in women. This study showed an association between PTSD and pRBD, strengthening the possibility of a connection with misfolded proteinopathies in young urbanites. We need to confirm the RBD diagnosis using an overnight polysomnogram. Mexican women are at high risk for stress and sleep disorders.

Effects of Support Groups on Post Traumatic Stress Responses in Women Experiencing Stillbirth

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Cacciatore
Keyword(s):  
Support Groups ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact

This research study explores the effects of support groups on traumatic stress responses of women experiencing stillbirth. Women ( N = 47) responded to a mixed method questionnaire. Quantitative results utilizing the Impact of Event Scale Revised demonstrate that women who attend support group, when controlling for time, had fewer post traumatic stress symptoms than did the women who did not attend support group. Qualitative results elucidate the role of support groups in managing grief, suggesting that connectivity with other like women may be a useful strategy in reducing problematic psychological outcomes.

Early Psychological Reactions in a Group of Individuals with Pre-existing and Enduring Mental Health Difficulties Following a Major Coach Accident

1996 ◽  
Vol 169 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. Chubb ◽  
Jonathan I. Bisson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychological Sequelae ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Mental Health Difficulties ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe impact of major trauma on individuals with pre-existing and enduring mental health difficulties is poorly understood.MethodTwenty individuals with pre-existing and enduring mental health difficulties were assessed with the Clinician Administered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale, the 28-item version of the GHQ, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Impact of Event Scale between four and eight weeks after their involvement in a major coach accident.ResultsTen (50%) individuals satisfied the full DSM–IV criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. The questionnaire scores indicated a high level of psychological suffering among the group. On dividing the sample into those individuals with previous diagnoses of anxiety or depressive disorders and those with a previous diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia, the schizophrenia group displayed less marked psychological sequelae on all measures.ConclusionThere was a high incidence of early psychological sequelae among the group as a whole. Some diagnoses (e.g. depression and anxiety) may predispose to psychological sequelae while others (e.g. chronic schizophrenia) may not.

scholarly journals (A298) Assessment of Psychosocial Impact of Flood on Children - Indian Experience

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s83-s84 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Vranda ◽  
K. Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Disaster Impacts ◽  
Indian Experience ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

A Disaster is the tragedy of a natural or human made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. Disaster impacts physical, psychological, social and economic areas of the individual and family and community. Most of the time these are interlinked to each other and its total impact on the survivors is substantial. Children are more susceptible to disaster suffering, and it is noticeable in many complex psychological and behavioral symptoms. On the other hand, the post-disaster psychological effects on children are not recognized and underestimated by the mental health professionals. India is highly prone to natural disasters such as floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomenon in India. Out of 602 districts in the country, 125 districts have been identified as most hazard prone areas. The recent heavy rainfall and flood between 28th September to 2nd October 2009 in the Northern region of Karnataka State caused several deaths and massive destructions. This was the first time that North Karnataka received highest rainfall. The incessant rainfall that poured for four days caused the flood and devastated and destroyed the entire social fabric of the community. Floods carry greater risks to psychological as well as physical health of children. The psychological impact of the floods on children has been carried out both qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative assessment was done to assess the severity of floods impact on children using the Impact of Event Scale (Dyregrov and Yule, 1995). The results showed the children showed higher level of intrusion and avoidance aftermath of floods. Boys had significantly higher psychological impact than girls. However, both boys and girls showed moderate to severe level of psychological impact on the domains of intrusion, avoidance and hypervegilence. The implication of the findings are discussed in the context of framing psychosocial programmes.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychological Outcomes: Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musheer A. Aljaberi ◽  
Naser A. Alareqe ◽  
Mousa A. Qasem ◽  
Abdulsamad Alsalahi ◽  
Sarah Noman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Psychological Outcomes ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Multiple Indicators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multiple Causes

Abstract Background: Due to the limited research examining the psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), our study aims to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological outcomes and assess the differences between participants with and without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the psychological outcomes as latent factors and items. Methods: An online survey was conducted on 999 participants. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) assessed the psychological impact, while outcomes were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). A series of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), structural equation model (SEM), Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC), and Differential Item Functioning (DIF) were conducted. Results: The IES-R has significant effects on the psychological outcomes. Participants with PTSD have a higher impact on latent factors (depression, anxiety, and insomnia) than those without PTSD. Among participants, 36.5% experienced moderate to severe symptoms of depression, and 32.6% had mild depressive symptoms. For anxiety, 23.7% of respondents experienced moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, and 33.1% had mild symptoms of anxiety. For the ISI, 51.5% of participants experienced symptoms of insomnia. Conclusion: the IES-R for COVID-19 has a significant impact on depression, anxiety, and insomnia at the level of latent constructs and observed variables.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Group Intervention Approach for Nurses Exposed to Violent Speech or Violence Caused by Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ISRN Nursing ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Inoue ◽  
Fumiko Kaneko ◽  
Hitoshi Okamura
Keyword(s):  
Group Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
Intervention Approach ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a group intervention approach aimed at improving the mental health of psychiatric nurses exposed to violent speech/violence. Sixty-two nurses having experienced serious episodes of violent speech/violence were enrolled in this study. A group intervention approach was used in the intervention group. For both the intervention and the control groups, evaluations were conducted at three time points. Evaluations were conducted using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Profile of Mood States (POMS). The results showed that changes in the flashback, hyper-arousal, avoidance behavior, and total scores on the IES-R and anxiety and depression scores on the POMS differed significantly between the two groups. These results suggest that a group intervention approach can lessen the psychological burden of nurses exposed to violence and reduce their mental stress.

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