scholarly journals Health Attitudes and Beliefs Among Hypertensive Subjects: A Study of the Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Evangelos Polychronopoulos ◽  
Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou ◽  
Tonia Vassilakou ◽  
Christos Pitsavos ◽  
Christina Chrysohoou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Health Attitudes ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disorders ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

Introduction: Health attitudes and beliefs have long been associated with lower risk of various diseases, better compliance to medication and less likelihood of relapsing. The aim of this work was to study health beliefs and attitudes of hypertensive subjects in relation to the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods: The Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society ran a project where during 2006-2012, 10,141 individuals (39 ± 15 years, 47% men, i.e., 0.01% of the Greek population), from all areas of the country, were voluntarily enrolled and participated into a face-toface interview that gathered information about their beliefs and attitudes on diet, smoking and physical activity, as well as management of CVD disorders. Results: Self-reported prevalence of hypertension was 16.7% in men and 13.2% in women. Hypertensive subjects had lower educational level than non-hypertensive (11 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 4.5 years of school, p<0.001). Hypertensive participants as compared to normotensive seemed not to accept that unhealthy diet which consists of a major CVD risk factor (16.2% vs. 23.1%, p<0.001); and they believed more in the effect of pharmaceutical medication than in healthy lifestyle. Conclusion: There is need for more effective health strategies in order to convince people, especially those with cardiometabolic disorders, on the importance of the modifiable CVD risk factors.

scholarly journals Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and long-term outcomes in the Saudi population: Results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Alhabib ◽  
Mohammed A Batais ◽  
Turky H Almigbal ◽  
Mostafa Q Alshamiri ◽  
Hani Altaradi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

Abstract ObjectiveWe report the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and long-term outcomes within the Saudi population, stratified by age, sex, and place of residence.MethodsThe Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study is a global cohort study including adults of 35–70 years old in 20 countries. PURE-Saudi study participants were recruited from 19 urban and 6 rural communities randomly selected from the Central province (Riyadh and Alkharj) between February 2012 and January 2015. Clinical follow-up of major CVD events and mortality is ongoing.ResultsThe PURE-Saudi study enrolled 2047 participants (mean age, 46.5 ± 9.12 years; 43.1% women; 24.5% rural). Overall, 69.4% had low physical activity, 49.6% obesity, 34.4% unhealthy diet, 32.1% dyslipidemia, 30.3% hypertension, 25.1% diabetes, 12.2% were current smokers, 15.4% self-reported feeling sad, 16.9% had history of stress (several periods), 6.8% had permanent stress, 0.98% had history of stroke, 0.64% had heart failure, and 2.5% had coronary heart disease (CHD). Compared to women, men were more likely to be current smokers (21% vs. 0.45%, p<0.001), have diabetes (28.2% vs. 21.3%, p<0.001), and have history of CHD (3.2% vs. 1.6%, p=0.02); while women were more likely to be obese (58.6% vs. 42.8%, p<0.001), have central obesity (70.7% vs. 32.7%, p<0.001), self-report sadness (22.7%, vs. 9.9% p<0.001), experience stress (several periods), feel permanent stress (9.9% vs. 4.5%, p<0.001), and have low education (46.6% vs. 20.2%, p<0.001). Compared to participants in urban areas, those in rural areas had higher rates of diabetes (31.1% vs. 23.3%, p<0.001), obesity (56.6% vs. 47.3%, p<0.001), and hypertension (35.5% vs. 28.6%, p=0.004); and lower rates of unhealthy diet, self-reported sadness, stress (several periods), and permanent stress. Compared to middle- and old-age individuals, younger participants more commonly reported unhealthy diet, permanent stress, and self-reporting of being sad. ConclusionPURE-Saudi, the first population cohort study in Saudi Arabia, revealed a high prevalence of CVD risk factors in the adult Saudi population, with higher rates in rural than urban areas. National public awareness programs and multi-faceted healthcare policy changes are urgently needed to reduce the future burden of CVD risk and mortality.

scholarly journals The application of carbon dioxide baths and aquatic therapy in preventive programs for persons with circu latory illnesses risk factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-291
Author(s):  
О. D. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Aquatic Therapy ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Peripheral Hemodynamics

Due to the fact that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, reducing risk factors and maintaining a healthy lifestyle play an important role in primary and secondary prevention of CVD development and improving prognosis. The purpose of the study. To study the eff ectiveness of carbon dioxide baths and water training in the primary prevention program for people with CVD risk factors. Material and methods. 60 patients (43 women and 17 men) with CVD risk factors were examined before and after a course of carbon dioxide baths and aquatic therapy. The hardware and software complex «Physiocontrol-R» was used. It includes, in addition to psychological testing (Spielberger, SAN, Lüscher tests, сardiointervalography (CIG) for the study of the autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system, the study of the state of central and peripheral hemodynamics, Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for the study of body composition. Results. In the group of patients who took a complex of carbon dioxide baths and water training, in contrast to the control group, there was an improvement in the clinical condition, hemodynamic parameters, normalization of sympathicovagal balance and body composition. Conclusion. The aquatic therapy program in the pool and the use of HCV led to an improvement in the patients ‘ psychoemotional state, improvement of central and peripheral hemodynamics, and sympathico-vagal balance, which is associated with a reduced risk of developing CVD.

Abstract P242: Aspirin Awareness and Use for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in a Community of Color

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy R Van't Hof ◽  
Jeffrey Misialek ◽  
Niki C Oldenburg ◽  
Milton Eder ◽  
Russell V Luepker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Health Fairs ◽  
Don't Know Responses

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors are high among people of color. Aspirin (ASA) can reduce CVD risk. Yet little is known about primary prevention ASA use and its determinants among people of color. This study examined associations for ASA-related health beliefs and social norms, CVD risk factors and ASA use among Hispanic/Latino (HL) and African American (AA) adults without CVD history. Methods: In-person surveys were administered to adults ages 45-79 years at health fairs and community events in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro querying demographics, CVD history, CVD risk factors and ASA use. CVD risk perceptions and ASA-related health beliefs and social norms were evaluated using a 4-point Likert scale. Poisson regression with adjustment for age, sex and risk factors was used to examine associations with ASA use. Surveys were offered in English or Spanish. Results: Of the 583 survey participants with no CVD history, 152 identified as HL and 431 as Non-Hispanic-AA. Compared with AA, the HL sample was younger, mean (SD) age of 53.0 (8.6) years vs 59.3 (9.3) years; 54.6% vs 65.7% were female. Risk factors were common among HL and AA, including diabetes (37.5% and 29.0%), hyperlipidemia (28.3% and 36.7%), hypertension (36.8% and 61.0%) and smoking (13.8% and 21.1%). Twenty-two percent of HL and 34% of AA participants regularly used ASA. When asked questions regarding health beliefs and social norms, HL adults had a high frequency of “Don’t Know” responses compared with AA’s (Figure). Participants with more “Don’t Know” responses were less likely to use ASA—RR of 0.87 (95% CI 0.77-0.99). Conversely, ASA use was positively associated with “Agree” responses (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.29-1.52) and CVD risk factors (RR 1.43 95% CI 1.28-1.59). Associations did not differ by race/ethnicity (interaction p >0.05). Conclusion: ASA uncertainty is more pronounced among HL adults than AA and is associated with less preventive ASA use. Efforts should be made to improve knowledge regarding the appropriate use of ASA in this population.

scholarly journals Breakfast consumption and CVD risk factors in European adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1296-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Hallström ◽  
Idoia Labayen ◽  
Jonatan R Ruiz ◽  
Emma Patterson ◽  
Carine A Vereecken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Breakfast Consumption

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between breakfast consumption and CVD risk factors in European adolescents.DesignCross-sectional. Breakfast consumption was assessed by the statement ‘I often skip breakfast’ and categorized into ‘consumer’, ‘occasional consumer’ and ‘skipper’. Blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thickness, total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), TAG, insulin and glucose were measured and BMI, TC:HDL-C, LDL-C:HDL-C and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were calculated.SettingThe European Union-funded HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study.SubjectsEuropean adolescents, aged 12·50–17·49 years, from ten cities within the HELENA study (n2929,n925 with blood sample, 53 % females).ResultsIn males, significant differences across breakfast consumption category (‘consumer’, ‘occasional consumer’ and ‘skipper’) were seen for age, BMI, skinfold thickness, waist circumference, cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, TC:HDL-C, LDL-C:HDL-C, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and LDL-C; in females, for cardiorespiratory fitness, skinfold thickness, BMI, insulin and HOMA-IR. In overweight/obese males significant differences were also seen for TC and LDL-C, whereas no differences were observed in non-overweight males or in females regardless of weight status.ConclusionsOur findings among European adolescents confirm previous data indicating that adolescents who regularly consume breakfast have lower body fat content. The results also show that regular breakfast consumption is associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents, and with a healthier cardiovascular profile, especially in males. Eating breakfast regularly may also negate somewhat the effect of excess adiposity on TC and LDL-C, especially in male adolescents.

scholarly journals Awareness of cardiovascular risk factors among university students in Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Esra Güneş ◽  
Nural Bekiroglu ◽  
Neşe Imeryuz ◽  
Mehmet Agirbasli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
University Students ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

Abstract Aim: To determine the awareness of cardiovascular risk factors among university students in Turkey. Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in developed countries. The use of tobacco products and unhealthy diet are prominent habits that increase the risk of CVD. Methods: Healthy university students (n = 2450) aged between 18 and 22 years in Istanbul filled out the questionnaire about the awareness of CVD risk factors and participated in this cross-sectional study. They were asked several questions with regard to the importance of CVD risk factors. Findings: The leading responses for men and women were, respectively, high cholesterol (58.3; 72.3%), stress (58.8; 71.8%), hypertension (50; 64.2%), smoking (53.1; 58.7%), obesity (46.8; 64.3%), diabetes (41.7; 52.7%), inactivity (43.3; 47.8%), and CVD in family history (31.8; 44.4%). Unhealthy diet (9.7; 15.3%), exposure to second-hand cigarette smoking (24.4; 34%), and poor socioeconomic status (22.6; 22.3%) were also considered to be important. The study also revealed that men disregard the risk factors more frequently. Another comparison between body mass index groups revealed that obese subjects gave significantly lower importance to cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: Observations indicate that awareness levels of CVD risk factors have to be improved among university students. It is emphasized that primary healthcare workers are very important in the screening of CVD risk factors in an opportunistic and systematic way and in providing consultancy on changing risky behaviors (diet, smoking, etc.). Therefore, it is of utmost importance that primary healthcare workers make interventions to reduce the risk level by determining the CVD risk.

scholarly journals Longitudinal assessment between lifestyle-related risk factors and a composite cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk index among adolescents in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nithiah Thangiah ◽  
Tin Tin Su ◽  
Karuthan Chinna ◽  
Muhammad Yazid Jalaludin ◽  
Mohd Nahar Azmi Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Intervention Programme ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Composite Risk

AbstractThe study aims to create a composite risk index of CVD among adolescents and examine the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle-related risk factors on the composite risk index of biological CVD risk factors among adolescents in Malaysia. A Malaysian adolescent cohort of 1320 adolescents were assessed at 13, 15 and 17 years. Seven biological CVD risk factors with moderate correlation were identified, standardized and averaged to form a composite CVD risk index. Generalised estimating equation using longitudinal linear regression was used to examine the effects of changes in adolescent lifestyle-related risk factors on the composite CVD risk index over time. From the ages 13 to 17 years, physical fitness (β = − 0.001, 90% CI = − 0.003, 0.00002) and BMI (β = 0.051, 95% CI = 0.042, 0.060) were significant predictors of attaining high scores of CVD risk. Female (β = 0.118, 95% CI = 0.040, 0.197), Chinese (β = 0.122, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.239), Indians (β = − 0.114, 95% CI = − 0.216, − 0.012) and adolescents from rural schools (β = 0.066, 95% CI = − 0.005, 0.136) were also found to be considerably significant. A more robust and gender-specific intervention programme focusing on healthy lifestyle (including achieving ideal BMI and improving physical fitness) need to be implemented among school-going adolescents.

scholarly journals Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and long-term outcomes in the Saudi population: Results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Alhabib ◽  
Mohammed A Batais ◽  
Turky H Almigbal ◽  
Mostafa Q Alshamiri ◽  
Hani Altaradi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

Abstract Objective We report the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and long-term outcomes within the Saudi population, stratified by age, sex, and place of residence. Methods The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study is a global cohort study including adults of 35–70 years old in 20 countries. PURE-Saudi study participants were recruited from 19 urban and 6 rural communities randomly selected from the Central province (Riyadh and Alkharj) between February 2012 and January 2015. Clinical follow-up of major CVD events and mortality is ongoing. Results The PURE-Saudi study enrolled 2047 participants (mean age, 46.5 ± 9.12 years; 43.1% women; 24.5% rural ). Overall, 69.4% had low physical activity, 49.6% obesity, 34.4% unhealthy diet, 32.1% dyslipidemia, 30.3% hypertension, 25.1% diabetes, 12.2% were current smokers, 15.4% self-reported feeling sad, 16.9% had history of stress (several periods), 6.8% had permanent stress, 0.98% had history of stroke, 0.64% had heart failure, and 2.5% had coronary heart disease (CHD). Compared to women, men were more likely to be current smokers (21% vs. 0.45%, p<0.001), have diabetes (28.2% vs. 21.3%, p<0.001), and have history of CHD (3.2% vs. 1.6%, p=0.02); while women were more likely to be obese (58.6% vs. 42.8%, p<0.001), have central obesity (70.7% vs. 32.7%, p<0.001), self-report sadness (22.7%, vs. 9.9% p<0.001), experience stress (several periods), feel permanent stress (9.9% vs. 4.5%, p<0.001), and have low education (46.6% vs. 20.2%, p<0.001). Compared to participants in urban areas, those in rural areas had higher rates of diabetes (31.1% vs. 23.3%, p<0.001), obesity (56.6% vs. 47.3%, p<0.001), and hypertension (35.5% vs. 28.6%, p=0.004); and lower rates of unhealthy diet, self-reported sadness, stress (several periods), and permanent stress. Compared to middle- and old-age individuals, younger participants more commonly reported unhealthy diet, permanent stress, and self-reporting of being sad. Conclusion PURE-Saudi, the first population cohort study in Saudi Arabia, revealed a high prevalence of CVD risk factors in the adult Saudi population, with higher rates in rural than urban areas. National public awareness programs and multi-faceted healthcare policy changes are urgently needed to reduce the burden of CVD risk and mortality.

scholarly journals Demographic, Behavioral, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Saudi Population: Results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Alhabib ◽  
Mohammed A Batais ◽  
Turky H Almigbal ◽  
Mostafa Q Alshamiri ◽  
Hani Altaradi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

Abstract BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of death in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to assess associated demographic, behavioral, and CVD risk factors as part of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study.MethodsPURE is a global cohort study of adults ages 35–70 years in 20 countries. PURE-Saudi study participants were recruited from 19 urban and 6 rural communities randomly selected from the Central province (Riyadh and Alkharj) between February 2012 and January 2015. Data were stratified by age, sex, and urban vs rural and summarized as means and standard deviations for continuous variables and as numbers and percentages for categorical variables. Proportions and means were compared between men and women, among age groups, and between urban and rural areas, using Chi-square test and t-tests, respectively.ResultsThe PURE-Saudi study enrolled 2047 participants (mean age, 46.5 ± 9.12 years; 43.1% women; 24.5% rural). Overall, 69.4% had low physical activity, 49.6% obesity, 34.4% unhealthy diet, 32.1% dyslipidemia, 30.3% hypertension, and 25.1% diabetes. In addition, 12.2% were current smokers, 15.4% self-reported feeling sad, 16.9% had a history of periods of stress, 6.8% had permanent stress, 1% had a history of stroke, 0.6% had heart failure, and 2.5% had coronary heart disease (CHD). Compared to women, men were more likely to be current smokers and have diabetes and a history of CHD. Women were more likely to be obese, have central obesity, self-report sadness, experience stress, feel permanent stress, and have low education. Compared to participants in urban areas, those in rural areas had higher rates of diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, and lower rates of unhealthy diet, self-reported sadness, stress (several periods), and permanent stress. Compared to middle-aged and older individuals, younger participants more commonly reported an unhealthy diet, permanent stress, and feeling sad.ConclusionThese results of the PURE-Saudi study revealed a high prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle and CVD risk factors in the adult Saudi population, with higher rates in rural vs urban areas. National public awareness programs and multi-faceted healthcare policy changes are urgently needed to reduce the future burden of CVD risk and mortality.

scholarly journals The possibilities of using methods of physiobalneotherapy in the presence of risk factors for the prevention of cardiac diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
О.Д. Лебедева
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Exercise Tolerance ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Software Complex

В связи с тем, что сердечно-сосудистые заболевания являются основной причиной смертности во всем мире, снижение факторов риска и ведение здорового образа жизни играют важную роль в первичной и вторичной профилактике развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и улучшении прогноза. Целью исследования явилось изучение эффективности применения углекислых ванн и водных тренировок в программе первичной профилактики у лиц с факторами риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Обследованы 60 пациентов (43 женщины и 17 мужчин) с наличием факторов риска данной патологии — до и после проведения им курса углекислых ванн и акватерапии. Проводились проба с физической нагрузкой путем кардиопульмонального тестирования на тредмиле с определением параметров газообмена, объема потребляемого О2, минутной вентиляции при постоянном мониторинге ЭКГ, а также использовался аппаратно-программный комплекс «Физиоконтроль-Р», включающий, помимо психологического тестирования (тесты Спилбергера, «Самочувствие – активность – настроение», Люшера), кардиоинтервалографию для исследования вегетативной регуляции сердечно-сосудистой системы, исследование состояния центральной и периферической гемодинамики. Отмечен переход из низкого в средний уровень толерантности к нагрузке, возрастание аэробной производительности, улучшение показателей гемодинамики, нормализация симпатовагального баланса. Программа акватерапии в бассейне и прием углекислых ванн привели к возрастанию у пациентов уровня толерантности к физической нагрузке, аэробной выносливости, физической работоспособности, что ассоциируется со снижением риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Due to the fact that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, reducing risk factors and maintaining a healthy lifestyle play an important role in primary and secondary prevention of CVD development and improving prognosis. The purpose of the study. To study the effectiveness of carbon dioxide baths and water training in the primary prevention program in people with CVD risk factors. Material and methods. 60 patients (43 women and 17 men) with CVD risk factors were examined before and after a course of carbon dioxide baths and aquatherapy (AkvT). A physical exertion test was performed by cardiopulmonary testing on a treadmill with the determination of gas exchange parameters, the volume of O2 consumed, minute ventilation with constant ECG monitoring, and the Physiocontrol-R hardware and software complex was used, including, in addition to psychological testing (Spielberger, SAN, Lusher tests), cardiointervalography to study the autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system, the study of the state of central and peripheral hemodynamics. Results. There was a transition from a low to an average level of exercise tolerance, an increase in aerobic performance, an improvement in hemodynamic parameters, and normalization of sympatho-vagal balance. Conclusion. The AkT program in the pool and the use of HCV led to an increase in the level of exercise tolerance, aerobic endurance, and physical performance in patients, which is associated with a reduced risk of developing CVD.

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