scholarly journals Biodeterioration of concrete in agricultural, agro-food and biogas plants: state of the art and challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bertron ◽  
Matthieu Peyre Lavigne ◽  
Cédric Patapy ◽  
Benjamin Erable
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Durability Of Concrete

This article reviews the state of knowledge on the mechanisms of deterioration of concrete by agricultural and agro-industrial effluents, notably breeding effluents and biowaste valorised in anaerobic digestion plants. The main physicochemical characteristics of agricultural effluents are first listed in terms of components that are aggressive for cementitious materials. Then, the main mechanisms of deterioration of the cementitious materials exposed to the effluents are presented, as highlighted by laboratory studies (synthetic effluents and / or models, specific experimental devices) or with real effluents. The paper also points out the scientific and technical advances needed to improve the durability of concrete in these environments.

Assessment of the state of the art of technologies for the processing of digestate residue from anaerobic digesters

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1984-1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Fuchs ◽  
B. Drosg
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Anaerobic Digesters ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Digestate Processing

Anaerobic digestion is widely used as an important source of renewable energy. With the increasing number and capacity of biogas plants also, adequate treatment technologies for whole digestate – the residue from anaerobic digestion – are gaining attention. In this study the state of the art of digestate processing is analysed, and currently used treatment schemes and the various technological processes involved are evaluated. The study combines data and experiences from existing large-scale digestate processing facilities in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy, as well as know-how from technology providers and relevant research projects. However, the field of digestate processing is still quite new and little detailed information about the performance of different technologies at industrial scale is available. Digestate processing is gaining importance since digestate utilisation can become an important bottleneck when increasing biogas production. In addition, the production of renewable fertiliser from digestate is increasingly of interest to replace fossil fertilisers. This study is the first profound attempt to establish an assessment of the state-of-the-art technologies in use.

State of the art and future perspectives of thermophilic anaerobic digestion

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.K. Ahring ◽  
Z. Mladenovska ◽  
R. Iranpour ◽  
P. Westermann
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Sludge Stabilization ◽  
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Thermophilic Digestion

The state of the art of thermophilic digestion is discussed. Thermophilic digestion is a well established technology in Europe for treatment of mixtures of waste in common large scale biogas plants or for treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Due to a large number of failures over time with thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge this process has lost its appeal in the USA. New demands on sanitation of biosolids before land use will, however, bring the attention back to the use of elevated temperatures during sludge stabilization. In the paper we show how the use of a start-up strategy based on the actual activity of key microbes can be used to ensure proper and fast transfer of mesophilic digesters into thermophilic operation. Extreme thermophilic temperatures of 65°C or more may be necessary in the future to meet the demands for full sanitation of the waste material before final disposal. We show data of anaerobic digestion at extreme thermophilic temperatures.

scholarly journals Mini/Micro/Nano Scale Liquid Metal Motors

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Dawei Wang ◽  
Wei Rao
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Directional Motion ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
The Difference

Swimming motors navigating in complex fluidic environments have received tremendous attention over the last decade. In particular, liquid metal (LM) as a new emerging material has shown considerable potential in furthering the development of swimming motors, due to their unique features such as fluidity, softness, reconfigurability, stimuli responsiveness, and good biocompatibility. LM motors can not only achieve directional motion but also deformation due to their liquid nature, thus providing new and unique capabilities to the field of swimming motors. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances of LM motors and compare the difference in LM macro and micromotors from fabrication, propulsion, and application. Here, LM motors below 1 cm, named mini/micro/nano scale liquid metal motors (MLMTs) will be discussed. This work will present physicochemical characteristics of LMs and summarize the state-of-the-art progress in MLMTs. Finally, future outlooks including both opportunities and challenges of mini/micro/nano scale liquid metal motors are also provided.

scholarly journals The ecology of the sponge larva

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Larval Ecology ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Global Understanding ◽  
Available Information

The present work summarizes the progress attained in the study of sponge larval ecology since the state-of-the-art reviews performed in the 1970s and stresses the major weaknesses in our current understanding. Most available information on this subject comes from laboratory studies, with just occasional field observations or experiments. The data are also strongly biased because they are mostly derived from just one larval type out the eight types known in the phylum Porifera. Descriptive studies on larval histology are relatively abundant, but investigations directed at unravelling the cytological basis of the main larval behaviors are scarce. Most aspects of basic larval metabolism and sensing processes remain largely not investigated. Modelling of larval ecology is virtually lacking, with no serious attempt to investigate how the major features of larval ecology affect the structure and dynamics of sponge populations. In summary, the ecology of the sponge larva needs further research attention if we are to achieve a global understanding of the biology of the phylum Porifera.

Anaerobic treatment of slaughterhouse residues in municipal digesters

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-H. Rosenwinkel ◽  
H. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
The State ◽  
Flotation Tailings ◽  
Nitrogen Elimination

The tendency to increase the number of units processed per day at slaughter yards (up to 8000 hogs daily), as well as new regulations (recycling and waste laws) in Germany, necessitate extensive utilisation of the residuals coming from slaughter yard operations. Anaerobic digestion appears to be an ideal use for the wet pasty residuals, that have little structure and a water content greater than 70%. The anaerobic digestion of sludges from municipal treatment plants in digesters, has been recognized as the state of the art process for decades. Due to changes in regulations (demands on nitrogen elimination), many digesters still have excess capacities, that allow the co-treatment of additional residuals (cosubstrate). Since little experience has been gained in co-treatment of slaughter waste in municipal digesters, a pilot plant was operated to simulate the process before planning large scale operation. This paper presents the results of the pilot plant, as well as the first months of the co-treatment of stomach contents and slaughter flotation tailings in a municipal digester.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

Hypothesis-Evidence Coordination: The State of the Art

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 826-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Amsel
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State
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