scholarly journals The ecology of the sponge larva

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Larval Ecology ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Global Understanding ◽  
Available Information

The present work summarizes the progress attained in the study of sponge larval ecology since the state-of-the-art reviews performed in the 1970s and stresses the major weaknesses in our current understanding. Most available information on this subject comes from laboratory studies, with just occasional field observations or experiments. The data are also strongly biased because they are mostly derived from just one larval type out the eight types known in the phylum Porifera. Descriptive studies on larval histology are relatively abundant, but investigations directed at unravelling the cytological basis of the main larval behaviors are scarce. Most aspects of basic larval metabolism and sensing processes remain largely not investigated. Modelling of larval ecology is virtually lacking, with no serious attempt to investigate how the major features of larval ecology affect the structure and dynamics of sponge populations. In summary, the ecology of the sponge larva needs further research attention if we are to achieve a global understanding of the biology of the phylum Porifera.

Collisions and Damage of Offshore Structures: A State-of-the-Art

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Ellinas ◽  
S. Valsgard
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
The State ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Offshore Industry ◽  
Available Information

Over the recent years, following the very rapid increase in the construction and installation of offshore structures, there has been a considerable growth of interest in the assessment of the probabilities and consequences of collision and damage of such structures. This is reflected by the very large number of papers published over the last 15 yr and the multitude of conferences and meetings held on the subject. Many research programs have been completed or are in progress at many centers and institutions over the world. Accidental loading and damage are now accepted design parameters recommended for consideration in a number of Codes for the design in offshore structures. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art with respect to the probabilities and consequences of collisions and accidental loading in general, and methods for the assessment of the design of steel offshore structures against damage. Most of the available information in the field of offshore collisions and accidental loading emanates from research and experience related to ship safety. However, in this paper emphasis is placed on research activity and available information concerned with offshore structures, such as platforms, semisubmersibles, etc. There is a considerable amount of information available on methods for evaluating the extent and effects on damage of these structures and in estimating their residual strength in the damaged condition. As this is an area currently of major interest in the offshore industry, the paper presents comprehensive information and some new results relating to all major structural components. The state-of-the-art with regards to methods and principles for design against damage is also reviewed and commented upon. The paper concludes with general recommendations and indications of areas where future research could be most usefully directed.

Intellectual Foundations of Current Research in Family Business: An Identification and Review of 25 Influential Articles

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Chrisman ◽  
Franz W. Kellermanns ◽  
Kam C. Chan ◽  
Kartono Liano
Keyword(s):  
Citation Analysis ◽  
Family Business ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intellectual Foundations

This article identifies 25 articles that have been particularly influential in shaping the state of the art of research on family businesses. These works were identified based on a citation analysis of family business articles published over the past 6 years in the four journals that publish most of the research. The authors summarize those influential studies and discuss their most important contributions to scholars’ current understanding of family business. By identifying common themes among those studies, the authors are able to provide directions for future research in the field.

scholarly journals A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella D’Ambra ◽  
Chiara Lauritano
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Available Information

Cnidarians have been known since ancient times for the painful stings they induce to humans. The effects of the stings range from skin irritation to cardiotoxicity and can result in death of human beings. The noxious effects of cnidarian venoms have stimulated the definition of their composition and their activity. Despite this interest, only a limited number of compounds extracted from cnidarian venoms have been identified and defined in detail. Venoms extracted from Anthozoa are likely the most studied, while venoms from Cubozoa attract research interests due to their lethal effects on humans. The investigation of cnidarian venoms has benefited in very recent times by the application of omics approaches. In this review, we propose an updated synopsis of the toxins identified in the venoms of the main classes of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa). We have attempted to consider most of the available information, including a summary of the most recent results from omics and biotechnological studies, with the aim to define the state of the art in the field and provide a background for future research.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Link-Based Approaches for Candidate Ranking in Link-to-Wikipedia Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 733-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Fernandez Garcia ◽  
J. Arias Fisteus ◽  
L. Sanchez Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
The State ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Link Information

In recent years, the task of automatically linking pieces of text (anchors) mentioned in a document to Wikipedia articles that represent the meaning of these anchors has received extensive research attention. Typically, link-to-Wikipedia systems try to find a set of Wikipedia articles that are candidates to represent the meaning of the anchor and, later, rank these candidates to select the most appropriate one. In this ranking process the systems rely on context information obtained from the document where the anchor is mentioned and/or from Wikipedia. In this paper we center our attention in the use of Wikipedia links as context information. In particular, we offer a review of several candidate ranking approaches in the state-of-the-art that rely on Wikipedia link information. In addition, we provide a comparative empirical evaluation of the different approaches on five different corpora: the TAC 2010 corpus and four corpora built from actual Wikipedia articles and news items.

scholarly journals The professionalization of educators in science museums and centers

2008 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. C02
Author(s):  
Lynn Uyen Tran
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The State ◽  
Science Museums ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
The Public ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Rich Diversity

Explainers have a longstanding presence in science museums and centres, and play a significant role in the institutions’ educational agenda. They interact with the public, and help make visitors’ experiences meaningful and memorable. Despite their valuable contributions, little research attention has been paid to the role and practice of these individuals. From the limited research literature that does exist, we know that museum educators employ a complexity of skills and knowledge. We also know such educators have a variety of experiences and qualifications – this creates a rich diversity within the field. Finally we know that the content and quality of programmes designed to educate novice explainers vary across institutions. Should we work toward a shared identity across institutions? Or even a “professionalization”? The paper explores the state of the art of the discussion around that questions.

scholarly journals Metal clusters synthesized in helium droplets: structure and dynamics from experiment and theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang E. Ernst ◽  
Andreas W. Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Metal Clusters ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Helium Droplets ◽  
Mixed Metal ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Mixed Metal Clusters

In this Perspective we present the state of the art of creating mixed metal clusters in the superfluid droplet environment and their investigation through a successful interplay between experimental characterization and theoretical modelling.

scholarly journals Biodeterioration of concrete in agricultural, agro-food and biogas plants: state of the art and challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bertron ◽  
Matthieu Peyre Lavigne ◽  
Cédric Patapy ◽  
Benjamin Erable
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Durability Of Concrete

This article reviews the state of knowledge on the mechanisms of deterioration of concrete by agricultural and agro-industrial effluents, notably breeding effluents and biowaste valorised in anaerobic digestion plants. The main physicochemical characteristics of agricultural effluents are first listed in terms of components that are aggressive for cementitious materials. Then, the main mechanisms of deterioration of the cementitious materials exposed to the effluents are presented, as highlighted by laboratory studies (synthetic effluents and / or models, specific experimental devices) or with real effluents. The paper also points out the scientific and technical advances needed to improve the durability of concrete in these environments.

scholarly journals Understanding the customer experience in the age of omni-channel shopping

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Mosquera ◽  
Cristina Olarte Pascual ◽  
Emma Juaneda Ayensa
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Customer Experience ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Brand Strategy ◽  
Customer Journey ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Managerial Implications

Omni-channel is one of the most important retail revolutions of recent years, impacting a variety of areas, such as marketing, retailing, communication or information systems. Omni-channel marketing refers to the brand strategy which integrate all channels available to create a seamless shopping experience that increase convenience and engagement during the customer journey. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the state of the art of this phenomenon. Its main contributions are fourfold. First, it reduces the fuzziness of the term omni-channel, clearly demarcating the concepts of multi-, cross-, and omni-channel shopping. Second, it offers a consolidated overview of the current understanding of the omni-channel customer experience. Third, the proposed framework points to new lines of research related to omni-channel marketing. The theoretical and managerial implications of this hot topic are also discussed.

Machining Process Monitoring and Control: The State–of–the–Art

Manufacturing ◽  
2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Y. Liang ◽  
Rogelio L. Hecker ◽  
Robert G. Landers
Keyword(s):  
Process Monitoring ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Feed Speed ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Process Automation ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Process Monitoring And Control ◽  
And Control

Automation at the process level for machining operations and machine tools has been a focus of research attention in both academia and industry alike for several decades. Research in this area has carried strong expectations in the context of increased productivity, improved part quality, reduced costs, and relaxed part design constraints. The basis for these expectations is two-fold. First, machining process automation, if exercised strategically and advantageously, can perform consistently for large batch production or flexibly for small batch jobs. Secondly, process automation can be set up to autonomously tune the machine parameters (feed, speed, depth of cut, etc.) in pursuit of desirable performance (tolerance, finish, cycle time, etc.), thereby bridging the gap between product design and process planning while reaching beyond the human operators’ capability. The success of manufacturing process automation hinges primarily on the effectiveness of process monitoring and control systems. This paper reviews the evolution and the state of the art of machining process monitoring and control technologies. Key issues to be presented include sensor techniques, control techniques, hardware availability, and implementation examples. Also to be reviewed are the benefits of the systems and the reasons for their delayed realization in many of today’s industrial application domains.

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