scholarly journals Stagnation and Growth of a Rural Centre in the Middle Atlas of Morocco: a Macro-Perspective

Afrika Focus ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Venema
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Middle Atlas

This article describes the backgrounds of stagnation and growth of the rural centre Azrou in Morocco. Before the Protectorate (1912) this centre was the most important market-place for the Beni Mguild cattle-holders. Although it was connected with the international trading route between Tanger, Fez/Meknes and Tafilalt, it remained a secondary trading centre because in the Middle Atlas the central government was not always able to guarantee safe passage of the caravans. At the turn of last century, the growth of Azrou stagnated because trading and manufacturing became concentrated in the cities along the Atlantic coast. Since the Protectorate, Azrou developed into an important rural centre due to the development of the primary sector and trade. This was encouraged by the 'pacification ' of the Middle Atlas, the colonization of part of the area and the foundation of several public and semi-public institutions. Azrou's growth continued in the post-colonial period with a spectacular rate just after independence because the new government admitted free circulation of men. From the new possibilities, migrants from the south (Ait Gheriss) and from the north (Riffis) profited most and the Beni Guild the least.K E Y W O R D S : development of rural centres, migration, North Africa. 

scholarly journals Stagnatie en Groei van Een Plattelandskern in de Midden Atlas van Marokko: Een Macro-Perspectief

Afrika Focus ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Bernhard Venema
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Primary Sector ◽  
The North ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Middle Atlas

Stagnation and Growth of a Rural Centre in the Middle Ailas of Morocco: A Macro-Perspective This article describes the backgrounds of stagnation and growth of the rural centre Azrou in Morocco. Before the Protectorate (1912) this centre was the most important market-place for the Beni Mguild cattle-holders. Although it was connected with the international trading route between Tanger, Fez/Meknes and Tafilalt, it remained a secondary trading centre because in the Middle Atlas the central government was not always able to guarantee safe passage of the caravans. At the tum of last century, the growth of Azrou stagnated because trading and manufacturing became concentrated in the cities along the Atlantic coast. Since the Protectorate, Azrou developed into an important rural centre due to the development of the primary sector and trade. This was encouraged by the ‘pacification’ of the Middle Atlas, the colonization of part of the area and the foundation of several public and semi-public institutions. Azrou’s growth continued in the post-colonial period with a spectacular rate just after independence because the new government admitted free circulation of men. From the new possibilities, migrants from the south (Ait Gheriss) and from the north (Rijfis) profited most and the Beni Guild the least.

Carbonated alkali-silicate metasomatism in the North Africa lithosphere: Evidence from Middle Atlas spinel-lherzolites, Morocco

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Natali ◽  
L. Beccaluva ◽  
G. Bianchini ◽  
R.M. Ellam ◽  
F. Siena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Spinel Lherzolites ◽  
The North ◽  
Alkali Silicate ◽  
Middle Atlas

scholarly journals Tashlhiyt Berber

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachid Ridouane
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Stop Consonants ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
High Atlas ◽  
The North ◽  
Middle Atlas ◽  
Geographical Locations

Berber (or Tamazight) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken by an estimated 15–25 million in North Africa. It is mainly spoken in Morocco, Algeria, and by the Touareg population in Niger and Mali. Berber is also a native language of populations living in Libya, Tunisia and Egypt, though their numbers are less significant. Large Berber communities also live in Diasporas mainly in France, Spain, Holland, and Belgium. Three varieties of Berber are spoken in Morocco: Tarifit, spoken in northern Morocco, Tamazight, spoken in the Middle-Atlas, and Tashlhiyt, spoken in southern Morocco. Tashlhiyt, the variety presented here, is sufficiently homogeneous for all native speakers, who number an estimated 7–9 million, to communicate without difficulties (Stroomer 2008). There is nonetheless a measure of sub-dialectal variation, which affects mainly the way some stop consonants are produced. Three subsystems, corresponding roughly to three distinct geographical locations, can be identified: the ‘occlusive’ subsystem spoken in Agadir and its suburbs, the ‘fricative’ subsystem spoken mainly in the High-Atlas area, which spirantizes noncoronal obstruents /bkg/ in some contexts, and the ‘sibilant’ subsystem spoken in the Anti-Atlas area, where /t/ and /d/ are realized in some contexts as [s] and [z], respectively (Boukous 1994). This study is based on the speech of Tashlhiyt speakers who originate from Agadir. The text of ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ was read by a 27-year-old female speaker.

scholarly journals Lost-Identity; A Result of “Hybridity” and “Ambivalence” in Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Zohdi
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Language And Identity ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Dual Identity ◽  
The North ◽  
Tayeb Salih ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Culture And Language

During the colonial period, British colonizers marched to the Third and Fourth World countries to exploit them for the purpose of colonizers’ economical uplifts. Therefore, colonizers internalized their own superiority over the inferior colonized countries by devaluing their culture, race, language, and identity in order to pillage the colonized. As the result, many of the colonized individuals migrated to the developed countries to educate there in order to save their motherlands. However, facing with an alien culture and language caused the colonized to have a merged and dual identity. In this regard, Season of Migration to the North, written in 1969 by Tayeb Salih, is the story of an intelligent colonized who sacrifices his own life and identity to take revenge on colonizers by traveling to London and educating there. But, Mustafa Saeed, the intelligent colonized, loses his own identity in this way and finally disappears as the victim of this colonizing strategy’s consequence, merged- or lost-identity. Therefore, in this study, it has been tried to investigate Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North through Homi K. Bhabha’s theories of “Hybridity” and “Ambivalence” as the causes of merged- and even lost-identity in post-colonial discourse. 

scholarly journals The Second World War, Imperial and Colonial Nostalgia: The North Africa Campaign and Battlefields of Memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Kingsepp
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Multidirectional Memory

The article addresses the function of (post)colonial nostalgia in a context of multidirectional memory (Rothberg 2009) in contemporary Europe. How can different cultural memories of the Second Word War be put into respectful dialogue with each other? The text is based on a contrapuntal reading (Said 1994) of British and Egyptian popular narratives, using a qualitative content analysis of 10 British tv documentary films about the North Africa Campaign, and data from qualitative interviews collected during ethnographic fieldwork in Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt, during visits 2013--2015. The study highlights considerable differences between the British and Egyptian narratives, but also significant similarities regarding the use and function of nostalgia. In addition, the Egyptian narrative expresses a profound cosmopolitan nostalgia and a longing for what is regarded as Egypt’s lost, modern Golden Age, identified as the decades before the nation’s fundamental change from western-oriented monarchy to Nasser’s Arab nationalist military state. The common elements between the two national narratives indicate a possibly fruitful way to open up for a shared popular memory culture about the war years, including postcolonial aspects.

scholarly journals The Second World War, Imperial, and Colonial Nostalgia: The North Africa Campaign and Battlefields of Memory

Humanities ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Eva Kingsepp
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Multidirectional Memory

The article addresses the function of (post)colonial nostalgia in a context of multidirectional memory (Rothberg 2009) in contemporary Europe. How can different cultural memories of the Second Word War be put into respectful dialogue with each other? The text is based on a contrapuntal reading (Said 1994) of British and Egyptian popular narratives, mainly British documentary films about the North Africa Campaign, but also feature films and novels, and data from qualitative interviews collected during ethnographic fieldwork in Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt, during visits 2013–2015. The study highlights the considerable differences between the British and Egyptian narratives, but also the significant similarities regarding the use and function of nostalgia. In addition, the Egyptian narrative expresses a profound cosmopolitan nostalgia and a longing for what is regarded as Egypt’s lost, modern Golden Age, identified as the decades before the nation’s fundamental change from western-oriented monarchy to Nasser’s Arab nationalist military state. The common elements between the two national narratives indicate a possibly fruitful way to open up for a shared popular memory culture about the war years, including postcolonial aspects.

Financial History of Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
Financial History ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan

African financial history is often neglected in research on the history of global financial systems, and in its turn research on African financial systems in the past often fails to explore links with the rest of the world. However, African economies and financial systems have been linked to the rest of the world since ancient times. Sub-Saharan Africa was a key supplier of gold used to underpin the monetary systems of Europe and the North from the medieval period through the 19th century. It was West African gold rather than slaves that first brought Europeans to the Atlantic coast of Africa during the early modern period. Within sub-Saharan Africa, currency and credit systems reflected both internal economic and political structures as well as international links. Before the colonial period, indigenous currencies were often tied to particular trades or trade routes. These systems did not immediately cease to exist with the introduction of territorial currencies by colonial governments. Rather, both systems coexisted, often leading to shocks and localized crises during periods of global financial uncertainty. At independence, African governments had to contend with a legacy of financial underdevelopment left from the colonial period. Their efforts to address this have, however, been shaped by global economic trends. Despite recent expansion and innovation, limited financial development remains a hindrance to economic growth.

ETHNIC DIVERSITY OF BANTENESE SOCIETY

ALQALAM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ayatullah Humaeni
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
The Difference

As an area that had ever been under the authority of Hindu Kingdom of Padjajaran in which the majority of its society professed Hindu and it had ever become one of the International trading centres and one of the central spots of Islamic studies in the archipelago during The Islamic Sultanate of Banten period in which many people of various ethnics came into Banten not only for conducting trading activities, but also for conducting religious proselytizing (dakwah) and studying Islam, Banten looked like becoming a magnet for people from many ethnics to earn a living, even to live permanently in Banten. Furthermore, they assimilated, integrated and conducted social interaction with local community of Banten. The majority of Bantenese society basically consisted of two dominant ethnics, "Jawa Banten people" and "Sunda Banten people". However, it is wrong to consider that Sundanese ethnic of Banten is the same as Sundanese people of Priangan, Jawa Barat and Javanese ethnic of Banten is similar to Javanese people in Central and East Java due to the difference of languages and cultures among them. As stated on the title, this article discusses the ethnic diversity of Banten. Furthermore, this article also tries to explain the social structure of Bantenese society in the sultanate period, the pre-colonial period, and post-colonial period.

scholarly journals ETHNIC DIVERSITY OF BANTENESE SOCIETY

ALQALAM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Ayatullah Humaeni
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
The Difference

As an area that had ever been under the authority of Hindu Kingdom of Padjajaran in which the majority of its society professed Hindu and it had ever become one of the International trading centres and one of the central spots of Islamic studies in the archipelago during The Islamic Sultanate of Banten period in which many people of various ethnics came into Banten not only for conducting trading activities, but also for conducting religious proselytizing (dakwah) and studying Islam, Banten looked like becoming a magnet for people from many ethnics to earn a living, even to live permanently in Banten. Furthermore, they assimilated, integrated and conducted social interaction with local community of Banten. The majority of Bantenese society basically consisted of two dominant ethnics, "Jawa Banten people" and "Sunda Banten people". However, it is wrong to consider that Sundanese ethnic of Banten is the same as Sundanese people of Priangan, Jawa Barat and Javanese ethnic of Banten is similar to Javanese people in Central and East Java due to the difference of languages and cultures among them. As stated on the title, this article discusses the ethnic diversity of Banten. Furthermore, this article also tries to explain the social structure of Bantenese society in the sultanate period, the pre-colonial period, and post-colonial period.

The Story of Storyboards from East Sepik, Papua New Guinea

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Martin Soukup ◽  
Dušan Lužný
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Field Research ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Global Tourism ◽  
The Village

This study analyzes and interprets East Sepik storyboards, which the authors regard as a form of cultural continuity and instrument of cultural memory in the post-colonial period. The study draws on field research conducted by the authors in the village of Kambot in East Sepik. The authors divide the storyboards into two groups based on content. The first includes storyboards describing daily life in the community, while the other links the daily life to pre-Christian religious beliefs and views. The aim of the study is to analyze one of the forms of contemporary material culture in East Sepik in the context of cultural changes triggered by Christianization, colonial administration in the former Territory of New Guinea and global tourism.

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