The Short-Term and Long-Term Impacts of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Composition and Characteristics of Corporate Board of Directors

The paper examines the Sarbanes-Oxley (2002) Acts immediate impact on board composition and characteristics as well as possible reversals in its impact over time. Effects on directors age and tenure are analyzed over the 2001-06 sample period. Female participation in corporate boards is also studied in the pre-SOX and post-SOX periods. The dual roles of directors in being a member of the board as well as serving as either CEO, CFO, Chairman, Co-Chair, Founder, or Lead Director of their respective companies is also examined. We observe a short-term impact of SOX on board compositions due to changes seen in board characteristics between 2001 (pre-SOX), and 2003-05 short-term period (post-SOX). Also, we observe a reversal of board characteristics in 2006 to pre-SOX levels implying that the effects of SOX on board composition were short-lived, and needs to be monitored over time to ensure adherence to corporate accountability guidelines over the long-term.

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The Composition Of Corporate Boards Of Directors: Pre- And Post-Sarbanes-Oxley

Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) ◽

10.19030/jber.v9i2.1818 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dan Marlin ◽

Scott W. Geiger

Keyword(s):

Boards Of Directors ◽

Future Research ◽

Corporate Boards ◽

Font Size ◽

Corporate Board ◽

Publicly Traded ◽

Board Characteristics ◽

Sarbanes Oxley ◽

Publicly Traded Firms

The purpose of this study is to examine corporate board characteristics pre- and post-Sarbanes-Oxley.   More specifically, using a sample 1141 US publicly traded firms, board characteristics were identified and then changes in these characteristics were examined across the years 2001, 2004, and 2007.  Our analyses reveal significant changes in 8 of 10 board characteristics examined.  Implications and areas for future research are discussed.

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Personality dynamics at work: The effects of form, time, and context of variability

European Journal of Personality ◽

10.1177/08902070211017341 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 089020702110173

Author(s):

Nadin Beckmann ◽

Damian P Birney ◽

Amirali Minbashian ◽

Jens F Beckmann

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Ability ◽

Temporal Stability ◽

Limited Evidence ◽

Short Term ◽

State Data ◽

The Status ◽

Over Time ◽

Trait Variability

The study aimed to investigate the status of within-person state variability in neuroticism and conscientiousness as individual differences constructs by exploring their (a) temporal stability, (b) cross-context consistency, (c) empirical links to selected antecedents, and (d) empirical links to longer term trait variability. Employing a sample of professionals ( N = 346) from Australian organisations, personality state data together with situation appraisals were collected using experience sampling methodology in field and repeatedly in lab-like settings. Data on personality traits, cognitive ability, and motivational mindsets were collected at baseline and after two years. Contingent (situation contingencies) and non-contingent (relative SD) state variability indices were relatively stable over time and across contexts. Only a small number of predictive effects of state variability were observed, and these differed across contexts. Cognitive ability appeared to be associated with state variability under lab-like conditions. There was limited evidence of links between short-term state and long-term trait variability, except for a small effect for neuroticism. Some evidence of positive manifold was found for non-contingent variability. Systematic efforts are required to further elucidate the complex pattern of results regarding the antecedents, correlates and outcomes of individual differences in state variability.

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Corporate boards, interorganizational ties and profitability: the case of Japan

Empirical Economics ◽

10.1007/s00181-021-02062-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Matthias Raddant ◽

Hiroshi Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Network Effects ◽

Board Composition ◽

Corporate Boards ◽

Corporate Board ◽

Combine Data ◽

Board Interlocks ◽

Time Period ◽

Interorganizational Ties ◽

Japanese Corporations

AbstractWe analyze the ties between 4000 Japanese corporations in the time period from 2004 until 2013. We combine data about the board composition with ownership relationships and indicators of corporate profitability. The board network exhibits some clustering, which can partly be explained by ownership relations, and a tendency to form ties to other corporations from the same sector. Connectivity in the board network (corporate board interlocks) and ownership network (shareholdings) does have an influence profitability. Firms that are linked to peers with above average profitability are more profitable than firms in other relationships. Hence, network effects partly explain why board interlocks and ownership ties are not always beneficial.

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Investigating the Broken-Heart Effect: a Model for Short-Term Dependence between the Remaining Lifetimes of Joint Lives

Annals of Actuarial Science ◽

10.1017/s1748499512000292 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 236-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jaap Spreeuw ◽

Iqbal Owadally

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rates ◽

Short Term ◽

Numerical Work ◽

Data Set ◽

Multiple State ◽

Multiple State Model ◽

Insurance Data ◽

Over Time ◽

Assurance Contracts

AbstractWe analyze the mortality of couples by fitting a multiple state model to a large insurance data set. We find evidence that mortality rates increase after the death of a partner and, in addition, that this phenomenon diminishes over time. This is popularly known as a “broken-heart” effect and we find that it affects widowers more than widows. Remaining lifetimes of joint lives therefore exhibit short-term dependence. We carry out numerical work involving the pricing and valuation of typical contingent assurance contracts and of a joint life and survivor annuity. If insurers ignore dependence, or mis-specify it as long-term dependence, then significant mis-pricing and inappropriate provisioning can result. Detailed numerical results are presented.

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Macroeconomic Synchronization Between G3 Countries

German Economic Review ◽

10.1111/1468-0475.00055 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 137-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amado Peirό

Keyword(s):

Business Cycle ◽

Interest Rates ◽

Short Term ◽

The Us ◽

Production Prices ◽

Over Time

AbstractThis paper studies the existence of a world business cycle by examining quarterly and annual comovements in production, prices and interest rates in the three main world economies: Germany, Japan and the US. In accordance with earlier studies, contemporaneous relationships clearly dominate short-term dynamics. The evidence indicates the existence of strong comovements in prices and long-term interest rates, and, to a lesser degree, in GDP and short-term interest rates. They are, however, rather unstable over time.

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The Composition Of Corporate Boards Of Directors: Does Industry Matter?

Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) ◽

10.19030/jber.v10i3.6854 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 157 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dan Marlin ◽

Scott W. Geiger

Keyword(s):

Boards Of Directors ◽

Retail Trade ◽

Future Research ◽

Corporate Boards ◽

Font Size ◽

Corporate Board ◽

Publicly Traded ◽

Trade Finance ◽

Board Characteristics ◽

Publicly Traded Firms

The purpose of this study is to identify and examine differences in corporate board characteristics across four industries. Using a sample of 2592 US publicly traded firms, eleven board characteristics were identified and then examined across manufacturing, retail trade, finance/insurance, and services industries. Our analyses revealed significant differences in each of the eleven board characteristics examined. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.

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Disentangling niche theory and beta diversity change

10.1101/2021.07.05.451214 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

William Godsoe ◽

Peter J Bellingham ◽

Elena Moltchanova

Keyword(s):

Beta Diversity ◽

Price Equation ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

Environmental Requirements ◽

Habitat Specialists ◽

Montane Tropical Forest ◽

Ecological Drift ◽

Over Time

Beta diversity describes the differences in species composition among communities. Changes in beta diversity over time are thought to be due to selection based on species' niche characteristics. For example, theory predicts that selection that favours habitat specialists will increase beta diversity. In practice, ecologists struggle to predict how beta diversity changes. To remedy this problem, we propose a novel solution that formally measures selection's effects on beta diversity. Using the Price equation, we show how change in beta diversity over time can be partitioned into fundamental mechanisms including selection among species, variable selection among communities, drift, and immigration. A key finding of our approach is that a species' short-term impact on beta diversity cannot be predicted using information on its long-term environmental requirements (i.e. its niche). We illustrate how our approach can be used to partition causes of diversity change in a montane tropical forest before and after an intense hurricane. Previous work in this system highlighted the resistance of habitat specialists and the recruitment of light-demanding species but was unable to quantify the importance of these effects on beta diversity. Using our approach, we show that changes in beta diversity were consistent with ecological drift. We use these results to highlight the opportunities presented by a synthesis of beta diversity and formal models of selection.

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A Checklist for a New Millennium School Science Department

Encyclopedia of Distance Learning, Second Edition ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-198-8.ch039 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 273-274

Author(s):

Ed Hessler

Keyword(s):

Professional Development ◽

Teacher Preparation ◽

Student Learning ◽

School Science ◽

Learning Science ◽

Science Department ◽

Short Term ◽

Over Time ◽

New Millennium

My focus is both narrow and incomplete, for it is limited to a single area of learning: science, and it is in the form of a working list, a beginning of things one might write down, not in any particular order—so that they might be remembered and edited over time, with colleagues. Improving schools, teacher preparation, and professional development are important national priorities as we enter a new millennium. Past emphasis on targeted innovations in the short term are now conceptualized into the idea of continuous improvements that are connected in the long term. Today, the idea of improvement itself is being challenged. “Improvement,” the term of the technocrat, is being recast in the context of student learning—that is, how can we educate our young or learners of any age?

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A Framework for the Interaction of Active Audiences and Influencers on Twitter: The Case of Zika Virus

Journal of Information & Knowledge Management ◽

10.1142/s021964922050032x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (04) ◽

pp. 2050032

Author(s):

Shadi Shakeri

Keyword(s):

Agenda Setting ◽

Crisis Communication ◽

Explicit Knowledge ◽

User Involvement ◽

Short Term ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Network Community ◽

Twitter Users ◽

Over Time

In this paper, we investigate communication among Twitter users in the context of the 2016 Zika crisis, to understand how influencers and audiences contribute to agenda setting in health crisis communication. We analyse the content of 146,953 Zika-related tweets posted between April and September 2016 and examine how discussion topics vary by network community and user involvement over time. We argue that audiences adopt a broad view of health crisis-related issues and advocate for long-term solutions drawn from theories of active audiences and agenda-setting. Based on our observations on the Zika crisis case, we propose a framework for the dynamics in health crisis communication, which suggests a shift of discourse from a short-term perspective on specific issues to a long-term perspective on broader issues. The research contributes to the KM literature by suggesting a new method for converting individual tacit knowledge to collective explicit knowledge. Applying the framework to the coronavirus pandemic conversations can offer significant insights into the crisis.

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Aging Couples: Benefits and Costs of Long Intimate Relations

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.394 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Victoria I. Michalowski ◽

Denis Gerstorf ◽

Christiane A. Hoppmann

Keyword(s):

Time Frame ◽

Multiple Time Scales ◽

Future Research ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Short Term ◽

Intimate Relations ◽

Benefits And Costs ◽

Over Time

Aging does not occur in isolation, but often involves significant others such as spouses. Whether such dyadic associations involve gains or losses depends on a myriad of factors, including the time frame under consideration. What is beneficial in the short term may not be so in the long term, and vice versa. Similarly, what is beneficial for one partner may be costly for the other, or the couple unit over time. Daily dynamics between partners involving emotion processes, health behaviors, and collaborative cognition may accumulate over years to affect the longer-term physical and mental health outcomes of either partner or both partners across adulthood and into old age. Future research should move beyond an individual-focused approach to aging and consider the importance of and interactions among multiple time scales to better understand how, when, and why older spouses shape each other’s aging trajectories, both for better and for worse.

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