ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF NEW CRYOGENIC AVIATION FUELS

Until recently, the high rates of aircraft engine engineering’s development were ensured by the technological solutions improvement and the desire to approximate as much as possible the ideal thermodynamic cycle of turbojet engines. The traditional fuel for turbojet engines is an aviation kerosene – Jet-A fuel group and their regional analogies. The traditional way of aircraft engines efficiency increasing is a raising of a temperature in front of the high-pressure turbine. New alloys and technologies allow to increase the aircraft engines efficiency to a certain level. Raising the temperature in the combustion chamber by 50 degrees increases the efficiency, which leads to a 5% reduction in fuel consumption. However, this approach is technology limited and does not provide innovative solutions. The aircraft engine engineering’s development tempo in the 21st century continues to accelerate. The main driver of such processes in recent years is the tightening of economic and environmental requirements. Many aircraft manufacturers are actively looking for ways to reach a new qualitative level in terms of turbojet engines economic efficiency and meeting strict environmental requirements. The paper considers the feasibility of using new cryogenic fuels in aircraft turbojet engines, and possible ways for aircraft industry successful development.

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF RETREADED TIRES

Regulations R(EC)661/2009 and R(EC)1222/2009 established environmental requirements for new tires and their labeling, not applicable in principle to retreaded tires. However, in anticipation of future revisions, different studies were promoted, mainly oriented to truck tires, the main market for retreading. Two lines of research were opened at UMH, focused respectively on the study of rolling resistance and rolling noise.

The Concept of Introducing Eco-Friendly Criteria into The Contract Procurement System

The article analyses the current level of development of the topic of "green" public procurement both in Russian legal acts and in domestic scientific literature. The authors conducted a categorical analysis of the term "green" public procurement, based on which the definition recommended for use in the Russian system was derived. The analysis of international experience in the implementation and development of green procurement was followed by a description of the specifics of legal regulation in several countries. By means of an electronic questionnaire survey of contracting system entities, the current level of application of environmental criteria in procurement was empirically assessed and the attitudes of Russian customers and suppliers towards the introduction of new environmental requirements in procurement legislation were identified. Thus, customers are not motivated to use "green" criteria, as they are not aware of them and their application may be regarded by regulatory authorities as a restriction of competition, and suppliers are not interested in producing such products, since they will not be competitive due to the high price. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were developed for the gradual, step-by-step incorporation of norms and practices related to the greening of the procurement process into the contract system.

PRODUCTION OF THE SORPTION SHEET FROM COMPOSITE MATERIALS AS A LIQUIDATION AGENT FOR SPILL RESPONSE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ON TRANSPORT

The article raises the issues of rail transport in many countries, including the European Union and Ukraine, transportation of various classes of dangerous goods, ensuring safety during their transportation, strengthening technical standards and environmental requirements for safety of dangerous goods transportation by all modes of transport and the problem of localization and liquidation of accidents during transportation of various classes of dangerous goods by rail is raised. Methods and methods of localization and elimination of spills of dangerous goods are discussed, the sorption method is described as the chosen method to solve the problem, a brief description of sorbents is given, various variants and modifications of materials for carbon sorbents are presented, materials will be used for universal sorption web, method of obtaining a universal sorption web, demonstrated a special installation for carbonization (Carbonizer), which was slightly modernized and made by the authors according to the design of the Engels University. The method of conducting experiments is described. The characteristics of the universal sorption web, its sorption properties are given, and also the technique of using the universal sorption web as a means for localization and / or liquidation of liquid hazardous substances of 3, 5, 8 hazard classes is proposed.

A Proposed Model for the Application of Accounting for Environmental Costs according to Nanoscale Consumption Standards C115-9(CN0501) in Wasit Textile & Knitting Factory

Given the inability of the industrial sector in general and the textile sector in particular to support the requirements of adopting secondary consumption standards. And that this sector does not take into account the waste resulting from the production process and its costs. As well as not defining, measuring and revealing the environmental aspects in light of the accounting system currently applied, as the research aims to develop a model that fits with the environmental requirements of the Iraqi industry in light of the requirements of nanoscale consumption standards C115-9 (CN0501). Through which the environmental aspects and their costs are identified, measured and disclosed and disclosed in the financial statements. The research was based on the hypothesis that the disclosure of environmental costs can be determined and measured according to nanoscale consumption standards. And in line with the environmental Iraqi industry. The research reached the possibility of developing a model in which environmental costs can be determined and deviations in these costs can be determined based on the adoption of this model. The research recommended the necessity of adopting international standards and setting in a manner that is appropriate with the local environment.

How to Adapt Mongolian Yurt to the Modern Requirements and European Climate—Airtightness versus CO2 Concentration?

There are currently trends in the world to transfer and adapt traditional solutions to contemporary needs. This applies, inter alia, to mobile shelters used by nomadic peoples. The article is devoted to the research on the quality of internal air in the yurt and the possibilities of its adaptation to high contemporary quality and environmental requirements, while maintaining its characteristic sustainable values. The tested traditional Mongolian yurt was moved from the dry and cold climate of the Asian steppe to the temperate climate of Central Europe and has been significantly modified. The outer shell materials have been changed, replacing natural materials with modern tight insulating foils. The wood-fired stove has been replaced with an electric heater and the roof opening has been firmly closed. All of these modifications resulted in far-reaching changes in the quality of the internal environment in the yurt. The conducted measurements and simulations of CO2 concentration in the modified yurt proved that the efficiency of ventilation system is not sufficient and that the air quality is very poor (even for a single user). In the case of a larger number of users, the concentration of CO2 has already reached a level that was dangerous to health. The simplest method of improving the air quality in the yurt is its careful unsealing to the required level. Striving for a low energy demand, however, would require a completely different approach (for example, in the form of forced ventilation with a heat recovery unit, ultimately powered with a PV array). Such a solution is very different from the traditional yurt model but is close to modern expectations and environmental requirements.

Research of Bare-Free Drilling Fluids

Mining and geological conditions for the development of new fields are becoming more difficult every year. Accordingly, the requirements for ensuring the environmental and technological safety of the drilling process are becoming more and more important. To ensure such a process, it is necessary to use correctly selected drilling fluids with proper characteristics: rheological parameters sufficient for effective cleaning of the well bottom, density sufficient to create back pressure, fluid loss to ensure a high-quality filter cake. Modern environmental requirements dictate the abandonment of hydrocarbon-based solutions. But when using water-based solutions, there are no suitable solutions, especially with their high density, since the use of barite can lead to a decrease in reservoir productivity. In this regard, the analysis of the problem and the search for options for creating water-based drilling fluids, weighted without the addition of barite, having the properties of maintaining the stability of the wellbore, ensuring safe drilling and opening productive formations without damaging the reservoir characteristics, was carried out. Such a solution was found in changing the base of the drilling fluid - highly mineralized fluids or solutions based on saturated brines. Brines must be created on the basis of inorganic salts that have good solubility, for example, chlorides, bromides. Due to the content of salts, the fluids have an inhibitory effect, and depending on the volume of dissolution, the density of the drilling fluids can be controlled. The scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists analyzed in the article have been published over the past five years, which indicates the relevance of this development. The selected compositions are presented and theoretically investigated, which were also tested in the field conditions.

REDUCING SHIP EMISSIONS: A REVIEW OF POTENTIAL PRACTICAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCY OF FUTURE SHIPS

Environmental issues such as the emission of greenhouse gases, pollution, wash and noise are having an increasing impact on the design and operation of ships. These environmental issues together with economic factors, such as rising fuel costs, all ultimately lead to the need to minimise ship propulsive power. Various methods and devices for reducing propulsive power are reviewed and discussed. The most favourable methods, from a feasible and practical point of view, are identified and quantified. It is found that potential reductions in the resistance of existing good hull forms are relatively small, but optimising hull-propeller-rudder interaction offers very promising prospects for improvement. The biggest potential savings in power arise from optimised operational strategies such as the use of optimum trim, speed and weather routeing. Potential conflicts of interest when considering both economic and environmental requirements are investigated and discussed. Suitable design methodologies and procedures, taking into account economic and environmental factors, are suggested for the design of future ships.

A Novel Control Strategy on Stable Operation of Fuel Gas Supply System and Re-Liquefaction System for LNG Carriers

Liquefied natural gas has attracted attention through an explosive increase in demands and environmental requirements. During this period, the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), which was adopted by the International Maritime Organization, expecting to significantly reduce CO2 from ships, has become an important key. It has triggered a change in use from steam turbine systems and dual fuel diesel electrics to high-efficiency main engines such as ME-GI engines to meet the EEDI requirements. However, since the ME-GI engines use 300 bar of fuel gas pressure, it is necessary to resolve problems of the pressure controllability and to prevent the reductions of the re-liquefaction amount caused by clogging of the lubricant mixed with the fuel gas during the compression. The purpose of this study is to propose a novel control strategy with a newly developed configuration for controlling the pressure so as not to trip the BOG compressors when the ME-GI engines are tripped, and for preventing a reduction on re-liquefaction amount. Unlike the typical configuration used in the current vessels, this proposal separately provides the fuel gas at 150 bar without lubricants to the re-liquefaction. In addition, three control strategies are proposed, depending upon the application of multi-controllers and the location of the pressure transmitters. A simulation was conducted to verify the efficacy of the proposed method, focusing on the controllability of the pressure and the re-liquefaction amount, in comparison with the typical configuration. As results of the simulation, the proposal showed excellent controllability without trips of the BOG compressors even in abnormal conditions and confirmed the great re-liquefaction performance.

The application of Industry 4.0 technologies in sustainable logistics: a systematic literature review (2012–2020) to explore future research opportunities

Nowadays, the market competition becomes increasingly fierce due to diversified customer needs, stringent environmental requirements, and global competitors. One of the most important factors for companies to not only survive but also thrive in today’s competitive market is their logistics performance. This paper aims, through a systematic literature analysis of 115 papers from 2012 to 2020, at presenting quantitative insights and comprehensive overviews of the current and future research landscapes of sustainable logistics in the Industry 4.0 era. The results show that Industry 4.0 technologies provide opportunities for improving the economic efficiency, environmental performance, and social impact of logistics sectors. However, several challenges arise with this technological transformation, i.e., trade-offs among different sustainability indicators, unclear benefits, lifecycle environmental impact, inequity issues, and technology maturity. Thus, to better tackle the current research gaps, future suggestions are given to focus on the balance among different sustainability indicators through the entire lifecycle, human-centric technological transformation, system integration and digital twin, semi-autonomous transportation solutions, smart reverse logistics, and so forth.