Age, Socioeconomic Status and Human Abilities

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Nuttall ◽  
James L. Fozard
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Equal Size ◽  
Aptitude Test ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
3D Space ◽  
General Aptitude Test ◽  
Ability Tests ◽  
Main Effects

The effects of age and socioeconomic status (SES) on the twelve ability tests of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) were examined with a population of 1146 healthy men between 25 and 83 years of age. The main effects of Age and SES were highly significant and of about equal size. The interaction effect was not significant, indicating that Age and SES do not interact in this ability domain. All twelve tests had highly significant declines with Age but the magnitudes of the declines differed greatly. Most affected by Age was the psychomotor test, Disassemble, while least affected were Arithmetic Reason and Vocabulary. Nine tests showed highly significant SES differences with Computation most differentiating followed by Mark Making, 3D—Space, Vocabulary and Arithmetic Reason. Unrelated to SES were the manual dexterity tests of Place, Turn, and Disassemble. Only 3D-Space was highly related to both Age and SES.

Age-Related Differences in Mental Performance

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Fozard ◽  
Ronald L. Nuttall ◽  
Nancy C. Waugh
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Aptitude Test ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Age Related ◽  
General Aptitude Test ◽  
Special Information

The effects of age and socioeconomic status on two sets of measures of cognitive performance were reviewed. One set consisted of the 12 subtests of the General Aptitude Test Battery; the other was a group of laboratory-based experiments, most of which were initiated by the late George A. Talland. The relationships among the various measures of performance within and between the two sets were examined. Finally, plans for future studies of age-related differences in cognitive performance were outlined. The four principal findings are as follows. (1) Age-related declines in performance were found in all subtests of the General Aptitude Battery. Performance declined least in those subtests where the effects of socioeconomic status were strongest and most in those subtests where socioeconomic status effects were weakest. There was no evidence for a significant interaction between the effects of differences in age and socioeconomic status. (2) It is more difficult for older individuals than for younger ones to (a) retrieve special information from short-term memory, (b) monitor two verbal sequences concurrently, and (c) initiate a response in a two-choice discrimination. Variations in performance on those tasks were not systematically related to socioeconomic status or education. (3) In both sets of measures, the major age-related differences in the level of performance were observed between subjects in their sixties or seventies and the younger ones. The largest age-related decrements occurred in tasks which were probably relatively unfamiliar in content or in form to the subject. (4) There was little overlap among the assessments of abilities represented by the General Aptitude Test Battery and the various Talland experiments.

scholarly journals Differences on Motor Competence in 4-Year-Old Boys and Girls Regarding the Quarter of Birth: Is There a Relative Age Effect?

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Rubén Navarro-Patón ◽  
Víctor Arufe-Giráldez ◽  
Alberto Sanmiguel-Rodríguez ◽  
Marcos Mecías-Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Age Effect ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Motor Competence ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Movement Assessment ◽  
Gender Factor ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Total Test

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences on motor competence between boys and girls aged 4 years old and investigate the existence of Relative Age Effect on their motor competence. In total, 132 preschool children were evaluated, of whom 60 (45.50%) were girls and 72 (54.5%) were boys. The distribution of the participants was from quarter 1 [n = 28 (21.2%)], quarter 2 [n = 52 (39.4%)], quarter 3 [n = 24 (18.2%)], and quarter 4 [(n = 28 (21.2%)], respectively. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect the data. The data show the main effects on quarter of birth factor in manual dexterity (MD; p < 0.001), in aiming and catching (A&C; p < 0.001), in balance (Bal; p < 0.001) and in total test score (TTS; p < 0.001). There are also statistical differences on gender factor in MD (p < 0.001) and in TTS (p = 0.031). A significant effect was also found in the interaction between two factors (gender and quarter of birth) in MD (p < 0.001), A&C (p < 0.001), and Bal (p < 0.001). There are differences in all the variables studied according to the quarter of birth and only in manual dexterity and in the total score if compared according to gender (the scores are higher in girls).

Evaluating Options for CRT Display of Process Trend Data

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Koch ◽  
Thomas R. Edman ◽  
R. Kim Guenther
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Time Orientation ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Control Room ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Nuclear Control ◽  
Trend Data ◽  
Main Effects

Effectiveness of colorgraphics CRT-based process trend display formats was evaluated by manipulating time scale orientation and time directionality. Performance was assessed in terms of reaction time and accuracy in responding to questions representative of process control task scenarios. Reaction time analyses reveal no main effects of time orientation or directionality, but a reliable orientation-directionality interaction effect is present. This interaction supports the conclusion that more rapid interpretation of trend is associated with x-axis time orientation progressing away from the origin and with y-axis time orientation progressing toward the origin. Error rates were nearly equivalent among the format types and supported no further discrimination among them. The findings have implications for the design of trend displays in applications such as nuclear control room, petrochemical processing, and load management.

scholarly journals Consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y otras drogas en la adolescencia: efectos de la familia y el barrio [Use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs in adolescence: Effects of family and neighborhood]

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
María C. Fuentes ◽  
Antonio Alarcón ◽  
Fernando García ◽  
Enrique Gracia
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Educational Strategies ◽  
Neighborhood Risk ◽  
Main Effects

The aim of this study was to analyze the protective or risk factors of parental educational styles for the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs, considering the interaction of parenting styles with the dangerousness of the neighborhood. Based on the responses of 628 adolescents, 369 females (58.8%) and 259 males (41.2%) between 15 and 17 years old (<em>M</em> = 16.03 years old, <em>SD</em> = 0.79 years old), families were classified according to their educational style (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian or neglectful) and their level of perceived neighborhood risk (high or low). Results showed no interaction effect; however, main effects of educational styles and perceived neighborhood risk were obtained. Adolescents from indulgent families showed the lowest consumption in the substances evaluated, while those from authoritative, authoritarian and neglectful families showed the highest consumption. Moreover, adolescents from high-risk neighborhoods obtained the highest consumption. Indulgent educational style, acting primarily through affection and not imposition, works as a protective factor regardless of the danger in the neighborhood. The importance of encouraging this parental performance in prevention and intervention programs is highlighted, promoting specific educational strategies to improve affection, communication and parental involvement.

The Role of Power Distance and Explanation Facility in Online Bargaining Utilizing Software Agents

2011 ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
John Lim
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Software Agents ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Factorial Design Experiment

Online transactions have become increasingly popular and deserve greater attention from a research perspective. Whereas there are various aspects of online transactions, this study specifically examined an online bargaining scenario utilizing software agents. User’s performance and attitudes were studied in a 2x2 factorial-design experiment. The independent variables were power distance (a dimension of culture)-for reasons associated with increasing and irresistible globalization, and explanation facility-for its conjecturable benefits in helping users to better understand and work with their software agents. Results showed these factors to have an interaction effect on task performance; as well, explanation facility exhibited main effects on trust and satisfaction. The findings have implications for system designers and builders; they also help managers in tailoring their expectations on what technology can deliver-under which conditions.

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