scholarly journals Quantification of Airborne Resistant Organisms With Temporal and Spatial Diversity in Bangladesh: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asaduzzaman ◽  
Muhammed Iqbal Hossain ◽  
Sumita Rani Saha ◽  
Md Rayhanul Islam ◽  
Niyaz Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a widespread, alarming issue in global health and a significant contributor to human death and illness, especially in low and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Despite extensive work conducted in environmental settings, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the presence of resistant organisms in the air. OBJECTIVE The objective of this protocol is to quantify and characterize the airborne resistomes in Bangladesh, which will be a guide to identify high-risk environments for multidrug-resistant pathogens with their spatiotemporal diversity. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with an environmental, systematic, and grid sampling strategy focused on collecting air samples from different outdoor environments during the dry and wet seasons. The four environmental compartments are the frequent human exposure sites in both urban and rural settings: urban residential areas (n=20), live bird markets (n=20), rural households (n=20), and poultry farms (n=20). We obtained air samples from 80 locations in two seasons by using an active microbial air sampler. From each location, five air samples were collected in different media to yield the total bacterial count of 3rd generation cephalosporin (3GC) resistant <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic>, carbapenem-resistant <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic>, vancomycin-resistant <italic>Enterococci</italic> and methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. RESULTS The study started in January 2018, and the collection of air samples was completed in November 2018. We have received 800 air samples from 80 study locations in both dry and wet seasons. Currently, the laboratory analysis is ongoing, and we expect to receive the preliminary results by October 2019. We will publish the complete result as soon as we clean and analyze the data and draft the manuscript. CONCLUSIONS The existence of resistant bacteria in the air like those producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, carbapenem-resistant <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic>, vancomycin-resistant <italic>Enterococci</italic>, and methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> will justify our hypothesis that the outdoor environment (air) in Bangladesh acts as a reservoir for bacteria that carry genes conferring resistance to antibiotics. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the presence of superbugs in the air in commonly exposed areas in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Quantification of Airborne Resistant Organisms With Temporal and Spatial Diversity in Bangladesh: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study

10.2196/14574 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e14574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asaduzzaman ◽  
Muhammed Iqbal Hossain ◽  
Sumita Rani Saha ◽  
Md Rayhanul Islam ◽  
Niyaz Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Background Antimicrobial resistance is a widespread, alarming issue in global health and a significant contributor to human death and illness, especially in low and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Despite extensive work conducted in environmental settings, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the presence of resistant organisms in the air. Objective The objective of this protocol is to quantify and characterize the airborne resistomes in Bangladesh, which will be a guide to identify high-risk environments for multidrug-resistant pathogens with their spatiotemporal diversity. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with an environmental, systematic, and grid sampling strategy focused on collecting air samples from different outdoor environments during the dry and wet seasons. The four environmental compartments are the frequent human exposure sites in both urban and rural settings: urban residential areas (n=20), live bird markets (n=20), rural households (n=20), and poultry farms (n=20). We obtained air samples from 80 locations in two seasons by using an active microbial air sampler. From each location, five air samples were collected in different media to yield the total bacterial count of 3rd generation cephalosporin (3GC) resistant Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Results The study started in January 2018, and the collection of air samples was completed in November 2018. We have received 800 air samples from 80 study locations in both dry and wet seasons. Currently, the laboratory analysis is ongoing, and we expect to receive the preliminary results by October 2019. We will publish the complete result as soon as we clean and analyze the data and draft the manuscript. Conclusions The existence of resistant bacteria in the air like those producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus will justify our hypothesis that the outdoor environment (air) in Bangladesh acts as a reservoir for bacteria that carry genes conferring resistance to antibiotics. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the presence of superbugs in the air in commonly exposed areas in Bangladesh. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/14574

scholarly journals Occurrence of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Turkey and Broiler Barns and Contamination of Air and Soil Surfaces in Their Vicinity

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 2759-2766 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Friese ◽  
J. Schulz ◽  
K. Zimmermann ◽  
B.-A. Tenhagen ◽  
A. Fetsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Poultry Farms

ABSTRACTThe emission of microorganisms, especially resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), from poultry farms is of public interest, and its occurrence and relevance are controversially discussed. So far, there are limited data on this issue. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA inside and outside previously tested MRSA-positive poultry barns in Germany. In total, five turkey and two broiler fattening farms were investigated four and three times, respectively. In a longitudinal study during one fattening period, samples were collected from animals, the animals' environment inside the barn, including the air, and the barns' surroundings, such as ambient air and boot swabs of ground surfaces at different distances from the barn. Moreover, a cross-sectional study was carried out once inside the barns on five turkey and four broiler farms during the last third of the fatting period. In the cross-sectional study, LA-MRSA was detected in the air of most barns (7 of 9, 77.8%), as well as in many samples originating from animals, with detections levels of 50 to 54% in broiler and 62 to 77% in turkey farms. In the longitudinal study, LA-MRSA was found in the ambient air outside two turkey barns and on the ground surface on the downwind side of many (44.4%) turkey and broiler farms. The samespatypes of isolates were observed inside and outside the barns. Transmission of MRSA within poultry farms, as well as emission via the airborne route, seems to be possible.

A cross-sectional study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the equine-human interface

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 1927-1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namra Waqar ◽  
Quratulain Amin ◽  
Tariq Munir ◽  
Muhammad Sohaib Ikram ◽  
Naveed Shahzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Human Interface

Novel method of calculating adjusted antibiotic use by microbiological burden

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hana R. Winders ◽  
Majdi N. Al-Hasan ◽  
Bruce M. Jones ◽  
Darrell T. Childress ◽  
Kayla R. Stover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Days Of Therapy ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Abstract Objective: To determine the usefulness of adjusting antibiotic use (AU) by prevalence of bacterial isolates as an alternative method for risk adjustment beyond hospital characteristics. Design: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Setting: Hospitals in the southeastern United States. Methods: AU in days of therapy per 1,000 patient days and microbiologic data from 2015 and 2016 were collected from 26 hospitals. The prevalences of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were calculated and compared to the average prevalence of all hospitals in the network. This proportion was used to calculate the adjusted AU (a-AU) for various categories of antimicrobials. For example, a-AU of antipseudomonal β-lactams (APBL) was the AU of APBL divided by (prevalence of P. aeruginosa at that hospital divided by the average prevalence of P. aeruginosa). Hospitals were categorized by bed size and ranked by AU and a-AU, and the rankings were compared. Results: Most hospitals in 2015 and 2016, respectively, moved ≥2 positions in the ranking using a-AU of APBL (15 of 24, 63%; 22 of 26, 85%), carbapenems (14 of 23, 61%; 22 of 25; 88%), anti-MRSA agents (13 of 23, 57%; 18 of 26, 69%), and anti-VRE agents (18 of 24, 75%; 15 of 26, 58%). Use of a-AU resulted in a shift in quartile of hospital ranking for 50% of APBL agents, 57% of carbapenems, 35% of anti-MRSA agents, and 75% of anti-VRE agents in 2015 and 50% of APBL agents, 28% of carbapenems, 50% of anti-MRSA agents, and 58% of anti-VRE agents in 2016. Conclusions: The a-AU considerably changes how hospitals compare among each other within a network. Adjusting AU by microbiological burden allows for a more balanced comparison among hospitals with variable baseline rates of resistant bacteria.

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