The Selection Effects (and Lack Thereof) in Patent Litigation: Evidence from Trials

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Marco
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Patent Litigation ◽  
Selection Mechanism ◽  
Patent Data ◽  
First Time

Abstract Using a selection corrected probit, I estimate the probability that patents will be found valid and infringed at trial. I combine for the first time detailed adjudication data with detailed patent data. I find that the selection effects for validity adjudications and infringement adjudications differ systematically. Additionally, infringement estimates do not appear to suffer from a substantial selection bias. The results highlight the importance of correctly specifying the selection mechanism in policy analysis. In contrast with previous studies, I find that the win rate for patents that go to trial is biased towards 50%. The bias is much more substantial for validity decisions, where I find unconditional win rates of 75% for adjudicated patents and 85% for matched patents. Win rates conditional on adjudication are below 60%.

Patients Who Attend Alone at a First Memory Consultation: Are They a Specific Population,or Is It an Instance of Confounding Bias?

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Pierre Koskas ◽  
Mouna Romdhani ◽  
Olivier Drunat
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Confounding Bias ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Group 1

As commonly happens in epidemiological research, none of the reported studies were totally free of methodological problems. Studies have considered the influence of social relationships on dementia, but the mechanisms underlying these associations are not perfectly understood. We look at the possible impact of selection bias. For their first memory consultation, patients may come alone or accompanied by a relative. Our objective is to better understand the impact of this factor by retrospective follow-up of geriatric memory outpatients over several years. All patients over 70 who were referred to Bretonneau Memory Clinic for the first time, between January 2006 and 2018, were included in the study. The patients who came alone formed group 1, the others, whatever type of relative accompanied them, formed group 2. We compared the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of patients; and for all patients who came twice for consultation with at least a 60-day interval, we compared their first MMSE with the MMSE performed at the second consultation. In total, 2,935 patients were included, aged 79.7 ± 8.4 years. Six hundred and twenty-five formed group 1 and 2,310 group 2. We found a significant difference in MMSE scores between the 2 groups of patients; and upon second consultation in group 2, but that difference was minor in group 1. Our finding of a possible confounding factor underlines the complexity of choosing comparison groups in order to minimize selection bias while maintaining clinical relevance.

scholarly journals Towards an Improved Model of the Galaxy

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 570-570
Author(s):  
Johan Holmberg ◽  
Lennart Lindegren ◽  
Chris Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Galactic Structure ◽  
Open Clusters ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Observational Errors ◽  
Red Giant ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hr Diagram

We use the Hipparcos survey to derive an improved model of the local galactic structure. The availability of parallaxes for all the stars permits direct determination of stellar distributions, eliminating the basic indeterminacy of classical methods based on star counts. Hipparcos gives for the first time a truly three-dimensional view of the solar vicinity, and a complete, homogeneous and highly accurate set of magnitudes and colours. This means that new techniques can be applied in the treatment of the data which place strong constraints on a model that tries to describe the local Galactic structure. Here we investigate how well a static model of low complexitycan describe the Hipparcos observations. The interpretation of the Hipparcos data is complicated by various observational errors and selection effects that are hard to treat correctly. We do not try to correct the data, but instead use a model and subject this model to the same observational errors and selection effects. A model catalogue is created that can be compared with the observed catalogue directly in the observational domain, thereby eliminating the effects from various biases. Many features in the HR diagram are for the first time seen in field stars thanks to Hipparcos, such as the slanted red giant clump, previously seen in rich old open clusters such as Berkeley 18. This and other features ofthe observed HR diagram are well reproduced by the model thanks to the rather detailed modelling of the joint Mv/B — V distribution. Actually, separate distributions were derived for the three different components, disk, thick disk and halo, using the kinematic characteristics of the components to discriminate between them.

scholarly journals Educational and Criminal Justice Outcomes 12 Years After School Suspension

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
After School ◽  
School Career ◽  
Bachelor's Degrees ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
K 12 ◽  
First Time ◽  
High School Diplomas

A third of U.S. students are suspended over a K-12 school career. Suspended youth have worse adult outcomes than nonsuspended students, but these outcomes could be due to selection bias: that is, suspended youth may have had worse outcomes even without suspension. This study compares the educational and criminal justice outcomes of 480 youth suspended for the first time with those of 1,193 matched nonsuspended youth from a nationally representative sample. Prior to suspension, the suspended and nonsuspended youth did not differ on 60 pre-suspension variables including students’ self-reported delinquency and risk behaviors, parents’ reports of socioeconomic status, and administrators’ reports of school disciplinary policies. Twelve years after suspension (ages 25-32), suspended youth were less likely than matched nonsuspended youth to have earned bachelor’s degrees or high school diplomas, and were more likely to have been arrested and on probation, suggesting that suspension rather than selection bias explains negative outcomes.

Rational skivers or desperate strivers? The problematisation of fraud in the Irish social protection system

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gaffney ◽  
Michelle Millar
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare System ◽  
Financial Hardship ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Welfare Fraud ◽  
First Time

The Irish social protection system has taken an increasingly workfarist turn in the post-crisis era. Concurrently, ‘welfare fraud’ emerged as a contentious political issue, leading some commentators to argue certain groups of welfare claimants have been cast as ‘scapegoats’ for widely experienced financial hardship. This article brings these two points of inquiry together for the first time by critically engaging with two anti-fraud strategy policy documents, from 2011 and 2014 respectively, using a Foucauldian inspired policy analysis methodology called ‘What’s the problem represented to be?’ We find the practices outlined in these documents predominantly problematise fraud as an act carried out by entrepreneurial ‘rational actors’ – silencing alternative problematisations of abuse and error. Furthermore, welfare claimants are constituted as subjects under constant surveillance, reinforcing the workfarist turn, but also potentially serving to undermine the legitimacy of the welfare system in the eyes of both claimants and wider society.

Detecting Audience Costs in International Disputes

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Kurizaki ◽  
Taehee Whang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
Audience Costs ◽  
Target State ◽  
Regime Types

AbstractSelection effects in crisis bargaining make it difficult to directly measure audience costs because state leaders have an incentive to avoid incurring audience costs. We overcome this inferential problem of selection bias by using a structural statistical model. This approach allows us to estimate the size of audience costs, both incurred and not incurred, in international crises. We show that although audience costs exist for state leaders of various regime types, democratic leaders face larger audience costs than nondemocratic leaders do. Audience costs can be so large that war might be preferable to concessions, especially for leaders of highly democratic states. Audience costs also increase a state's bargaining leverage in crises because the target state is more likely to acquiesce if the challenge carries larger audience costs. We also find evidence that audience costs generate selection effects.

scholarly journals Selection Effects on Dishonest Behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Houdek ◽  
Štěpán Bahník ◽  
Marek Hudik ◽  
Marek Albert Vranka
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Social Proof ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of

Many experimental studies use random assignment to identify factors influencing dishonesty. However, in real-life, people deliberately choose dishonesty-enabling environments. In two laboratory experiments, we let participants self-select in two tasks, one of which enabled them to cheat. We found that participants low in the honesty-humility were more likely to choose the cheating-enabling task. Furthermore, after choosing it, they cheated even more than when they were randomly assigned to it for the first time. When choosing the cheating-enabling task was costly, the interest in it decreased, but those who chose the task anyway cheated even more. An intervention based on social proof aimed to discourage self-selection into the cheating-enabling environment had the opposite effect. The results suggest that immoral individuals are likely to dominate cheating-enabling environments, where they cheat extensively. Interventions trying to limit the choice of these environments may backfire and lead to the selection of the worst fraudsters.

scholarly journals Selection Bias, Demographic Effects, and Ability Effects in Common Value Auction Experiments

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1278-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Casari ◽  
John C Ham ◽  
John H Kagel
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Business Majors ◽  
Act Scores ◽  
Strong Selection ◽  
Common Value ◽  
Common Value Auction ◽  
Demographic Effects

Inexperienced women, along with economics and business majors, are much more susceptible to the winner's curse, as are subjects with lower SAT/ACT scores. There are strong selection effects in bid function estimates for inexperienced and experienced subjects due to bankruptcies and bidders who have lower earnings returning less frequently as experienced subjects. These selection effects are not identified using standard econometric techniques but are identified through experimental treatment effects. Ignoring these selection effects leads to misleading estimates of learning. (JEL D44, D83, J16)

scholarly journals The impact of light polarization effects on weak lensing systematics

2020 ◽  
Vol 496 (1) ◽  
pp. 532-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Hao Lin ◽  
Brent Tan ◽  
Rachel Mandelbaum ◽  
Christopher M Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Light Polarization ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Reflection And Transmission ◽  
Polarization Effects ◽  
Transmission Coefficients ◽  
Systematic Uncertainties ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Infrared Survey

ABSTRACT A fraction of the light observed from edge-on disc galaxies is polarized due to two physical effects: selective extinction by dust grains aligned with the magnetic field and scattering of the anisotropic starlight field. Since the reflection and transmission coefficients of the reflecting and refracting surfaces in an optical system depend on the polarization of incoming rays, this optical polarization produces both (a) a selection bias in favour of galaxies with specific orientations and (b) a polarization-dependent point spread function (PSF). In this work, we build toy models to obtain for the first time an estimate for the impact of polarization on PSF shapes and the impact of the selection bias due to the polarization effect on the measurement of the ellipticity used in shear measurements. In particular, we are interested in determining if this effect will be significant for Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). We show that the systematic uncertainties in the ellipticity components are 8 × 10−5 and 1.1 × 10−4 due to the selection bias and PSF errors respectively. Compared to the overall requirements on knowledge of the WFIRST PSF ellipticity (4.7 × 10−4 per component), both of these systematic uncertainties are sufficiently close to the WFIRST tolerance level that more detailed studies of the polarization effects or more stringent requirements on polarization-sensitive instrumentation for WFIRST are required.

scholarly journals Statistical Study on Large Samples of Radio Sources

2002 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 207-208
Author(s):  
X.Z. Zhang ◽  
B. Peng ◽  
P.C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Spectral Index ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Instrument Selection ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
First Time ◽  
Statistical Results

We present some statistical results on a large sample of radio sources selected from the most important catalogs. Instrument selection effects on this sample are discussed for the first time. Our analysis suggests that the slope of the median spectral index becomes flatter with decreasing flux density. But the slope is rather small.

Youthful Discretion: Police Selection Bias in Access to Pre-Charge Diversion Programs in Canada

2019 ◽  
pp. 215336871988909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanika Samuels-Wortley
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Labeling Theory ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Diversion Programs ◽  
Police Selection ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Youth Diversion ◽  
Court Intervention ◽  
First Time

The increase use of formal youth diversion programs in Canada coincided with the enactment of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in 2003. Following the tenets of the labeling theory, the statute sought a balance that would help limit formal court intervention to increase fairness and accountability for youth committing minor offenses. Despite the perceived benefits, diversion programs have not escaped criticism. Some researchers contend pre-charge diversion programs that are based on police discretion may suffer from selection bias. Using police data from a local police service ( N = 6,479 cases) in Ontario, Canada, this article conducts a bivariate analysis to explore the personal characteristics of first-time offending youth (gender, race, and area of residence) and attempts to determine whether there are any differences in the youth being charged or diverted for minor drug possession and minor thefts. Results demonstrate variances in charging practices based on race. Race has a small but statistically significant impact on arrest decisions. In general, Black youth are more likely to be charged and less likely to be cautioned than White youth and youth from other racial backgrounds. The implications of these findings are discussed.

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