scholarly journals Does It Pay To Pray? Costly Ritual and Cooperation

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Ruffle ◽  
Richard Sosis
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Orthodox Judaism ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Religious Ritual ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
Rational Choice Theories

Abstract Time-consuming and costly religious rituals pose a puzzle for economists committed to rational choice theories of human behavior. We propose that either through selection or a causal relationship, the performance of religious rituals is associated with higher levels of cooperation. To test this hypothesis we design field experiments to measure the in-group cooperative behavior of members of religious and secular Israeli kibbutzim, communal societies for which mutual cooperation is a matter of survival. Our results show that religious males (the primary practitioners of collective religious ritual in Orthodox Judaism) are more cooperative than religious females, secular males and secular females. Moreover, the frequency with which religious males engage in collective religious rituals predicts well their degree of cooperative behavior.

scholarly journals Research on the Cooperative Behavior of Academic Papers Published by Chinese Educational Scholars Based on Complex Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Bichu Li ◽  
Ziliang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Education Policy ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Matthew Effect ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Chinese Education ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Aggregation Effect

Research on mutual cooperation among scholars or research institutions has become more and more common. Thepurpose of this paper is to explore the current status of cooperation between scholars and research institutions in thefield of Chinese education. In this paper, we use the method of the complex network to analyze the cooperativebehavior of academic papers published by Chinese educational scholars by collecting academic papers on educationleadership, education policy, quality education, and vocational education. Our conclusions show that most of theacademic papers published by Chinese educational scholars are non-cooperative. In the authors of the co-authoredpapers, there is a significant "Matthew effect", that is, some key scholars in these fields that link the collaborators.Lastly, there is no obvious aggregation effect between the authors of the co-authored papers which indicating awidespread and extensive connection between the collaborators. The above conclusions provide valuable insightsinto our understanding of the cooperative behavior of Chinese education scholars.

scholarly journals Greater effects of mutual cooperation and defection on subsequent cooperation in direct reciprocity games than generalized reciprocity games: Behavioral experiments and analysis using multilevel models

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242607
Author(s):  
Yutaka Horita
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Strategy ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Shift Strategy ◽  
Better Than

Reciprocity toward a partner’s cooperation is a fundamental behavioral strategy underlying human cooperation not only in interactions with familiar persons but also with strangers. However, a strategy that takes into account not only one’s partner’s previous action but also one’s own previous action—such as a win-stay lose-shift strategy or variants of reinforcement learning—has also been considered an advantageous strategy. This study investigated empirically how behavioral models can be used to explain the variances in cooperative behavior among people. To do this, we considered games involving either direct reciprocity (an iterated prisoner’s dilemma) or generalized reciprocity (a gift-giving game). Multilevel models incorporating inter-individual behavioral differences were fitted to experimental data using Bayesian inference. The results indicate that for these two types of games, a model that considers both one’s own and one’s partner’s previous actions fits the empirical data better than the other models. In the direct reciprocity game, mutual cooperation or defection—rather than relying solely on one’s partner’s previous actions—affected the increase or decrease, respectively, in subsequent cooperation. Whereas in the generalized reciprocity game, a weaker effect of mutual cooperation or defection on subsequent cooperation was observed.

Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Karakter yang Terkandung di Dalam Ritual Bersamaan Hari Kemerdekan di Pura Pucak Desa Pelapuan Kecamatan Busungbiu Kabupaten Buleleng

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51
Author(s):  
I Dewa Made Rai Semara
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ritual Process ◽  
The Temple

The purpose of this study was to describe the values ​​of character education contained in the ritual along with Independence Day at Pucak Temple Pelapuan Village, Busungbiu District, Buleleng Regency. Character values ​​in the development of education are very important things to do in order to realize a better nation's civilization. At the same time, in order to strengthen the values ​​of the nation's character, it can be done in various ways in everyday life. The values ​​of the nation's character have actually been contained in almost every human behavior that lives in various regions throughout Indonesia. The most basic problem with regard to realizing the values ​​of the nation's character education is to identify them in a number of behaviors in social life. The results of research in ritual activities carried out at Pucak Temple Pelapuan Village, Busungbiu District, Buleleng Regency have shown an effort to realize the values ​​of the nation's character in relation to the implementation of Hinduism. Hindus who carry out these activities simultaneously carry out two types of activities that support each other. First, religious rituals carried out by Hindus as a form of worship to the great power who resides in the temple to ask for waranugraha in order to overcome the struggle of life. Second, Hindus who carry out religious rituals also carry out national ceremonies by singing the anthem Indonesia Raya, Menhening Cipta, and chanting Pekik Merdeka as a form of love for the Republic of Indonesia. The ritual process is associated with the theory of symbols as a form of appreciation of Hindu religious teachings using symbolic media. The implementation of these activities is associated with Value theory, which is a manifestation of the implementation of the values of the nation's character as formulated by experts.

On the Idea of the Moral Economy

1994 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
William James Booth
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Moral Economic

The moral economic school, which has flourished among anthropologists, economic historians, and classicists, has received only limited attention from political scientists. This is perplexing, since at its core is to be found an intersection of debates over rational choice theory, the character of modern and premarket societies, and the normative standing of the market—in other words, over issues of formidable importance to our discipline. I seek to correct that neglect by mapping out and critically analyzing the moral economists' conception of modernity, their critique of the economic approach to human behavior and institutions, and their attempt to formulate an Aristotelian theory of the economy. These projects, though flawed, together are more than rich enough to provide fertile ground for political scientists and philosophers. I conclude with a discussion of the moral economists' effort to develop a normative theory of the economy together with a related critique of the market.

Explaining Economic Change: The Interplay Between Cognition and Institutions

Legal Theory ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Knight ◽  
Douglass North
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Social Explanation

Economic theory is built on assumptions about human behavior—assumptions embodied in rational-choice theory. Underlying these assumptions are implicit notions about how we think and learn. These implicit notions are fundamentally important to social explanation. The very plausibility of the explanations that we develop out of rational-choice theory rests crucially on the accuracy of these notions about cognition and rationality. But there is a basic problem: There is often very little relationship between the assumptions that rational-choice theorists make and the way that humans actually act and learn in everyday life. This has significant implications for economic theory and practice. It leads to bad theories and inadequate explanations; it produces bad predictions and, thus, supports ineffective social policies.

Superstition & Religious Ritual: An Examination of Their Effects and Utilization in Sport

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M.J. Maranise
Keyword(s):  
Sport Participation ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Sports Psychology ◽  
Holistic Development ◽  
Religious Ritual ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Popular View

This article discusses the use of superstition and religious rituals within sport. While the popular view among skeptics seems to be that religious ritual is nothing more than superstition, I argue that while there admittedly are many similarities, there also exist major differences which separate superstition and religious ritual into distinct entities. The realm of sport is one widely known for the numerous exhibitions of both superstition and religious ritual. The examples of sport-related superstition and religious ritual are so numerous that they have even gained noted media attention in the past two decades. Thus, I situate both terms within the practical framework of sport participation. From this foundation, I define both terms in context and begin to examine the effects on athletes’ individual holistic development arguing that religious ritual leads ultimately to a greater holistic development than does superstition. Holistic development is examined in four aspects which are comprised of physiology, emotionality, intellectuality, and spirituality. The positive effects of religious ritual as applied within athletics are mentioned in each aforementioned category. I approach the topic from the perspective of the psychology of religion, sports psychology, as well as Judeo-Christian theological concepts regarding religious ritual. The numerous positive benefits of religious ritual over superstition within athletics lead to a final argument that religious ritual provides significant meaning to the lives of athletes in a way which superstition is simply unable.

The Importance of Behavioral Law

2014 ◽  
pp. 92-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Ulen
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Policy Options

The chapter begins with several general policy examples that demonstrate how the empirical findings of cognitive and social psychology lead to very different predictions of human behavior and different policy options from those of rational choice theory. The chapter then turns to the topic of law and economics so as to contrast how some familiar conclusions of law and economics that were premised on rational choice by contract parties, potential injurers and victims, and others must be altered in light of the behavioral findings that undermine rational choice theory. The chapter also considers (and rejects) criticisms of behavioral law by economists, legal scholars, and philosophers. Finally, the chapter seeks to point to the next research steps in behavioral law.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document