Background The prognosis of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) depends greatly on the presence of extra-renal metastases. Purpose To investigate the value of total tumor volume (TTV) and enhancing tumor volume (ETV) as three-dimensional (3D) quantitative imaging biomarkers for disease aggressiveness in patients with RCC. Material and Methods Retrospective, HIPAA-compliant, IRB-approved study including 37 patients with RCC treated with image-guided thermal ablation during 2007–2015. TNM stage, RENAL Nephrometry Score, largest tumor diameter, TTV, and ETV were assessed on cross-sectional imaging at baseline and correlated with outcome measurements. The primary outcome was time-to-occurrence of extra-renal metastases and the secondary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). Correlation was assessed using a Cox regression model and differences in outcomes were shown by Kaplan–Meier plots with significance and odds ratios (OR) calculated by Log-rank test/generalized Wilcoxon and continuity-corrected Woolf logit method. Results Patients with a TTV or ETV > 5 cm3 were more likely to develop distant metastases compared to patients with TTV (OR 6.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33–134.4, P=0.022) or ETV (OR 8.48, 95% CI 0.42–170.1, P=0.016) < 5 cm3. Additionally, PFS was significantly worse in patients with larger ETV ( P = 0.039; median PFS 51.87 months vs. 69.97 months). In contrast, stratification by median value of the established, caliper-based measurements showed no significant correlation with outcome parameters. Conclusion ETV, as surrogate of lesion vascularity, is a sensitive imaging biomarker for occurrence of extra-renal metastatic disease and PFS in patients with RCC.
FORCE dual‑energy CT in pathological grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
