scholarly journals The Fundamental Nature of Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. p40
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Tyler, Ph.D. D.Sc.
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Local Property ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Energy Propagation ◽  
Infinitesimal Operator ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Large Ensembles ◽  
Nature Of Time

The nature of time is intimately bound up with the nature of energy propagation, which has a long history of its philosophical understanding. Here I propose a new post-Einsteinian view of the nature of time, conceptualized as the outcome of the pure unidimensional rate of change of a process through the infinitesimal operator of differential equations. In this view, time is a local property that is generated by every individual process in the Universe rather than a fundamental dimension in which processes operate. The rate of change has an inherent “arrow of time” that does not depend on the ensemble properties of multiple processes, such as the laws of entropy, but is inherent to the function of each process, by virtue of its genesis in the Big Bang. The conventional view of time may be approximated either by aggregating the operations of large ensembles of diverse processes, or by choosing a process (such as the Atomic Clock) that has demonstrably stable temporal properties. For processes that are sufficiently nonlinear, their iterative progression may in principle lead to solutions describable as fractals, for which the integral derivation of the time variable would fractionate into a form of fractal time.

scholarly journals The “conventional” view of redshifts

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Instability ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The Self ◽  
Quasar Absorption Lines ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Status ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Universe

Exposé du point de vue “conventionnel” sur les décalages vers le rouge.In Peebles’ well-known textbook, one chapter is entitled “a child’s garden of cosmological models”. Maybe a “jungle” would better describe the lush diversity of theories expounded at this exceptionally interesting conference. If there is a dominant orthodoxy in cosmology, the proceedings here have successfully obscured it – a participant without prior exposure to the subject would not have gleaned from this week’s discussions what views were “conventional” and what were not. Anyway, I presume that my brief is to assess the status of the cosmological views that would commend themselves to Peebles and his like: that is to say, the package of ideas in which there was a “hot big bang”, galaxies and clusters condensed via gravitational instability, the quasar phenomenon is related to galactic nuclei, and all large redshifts (except perhaps quasar absorption lines) are due to the expansion of the universe. This, at least, is the framework within which we “conventional” people attempt to interpret the data – or (in the view of some “radicals”) the self-imposed blinkers by which our vision is confined.

scholarly journals Loading rates in California inferred from aftershocks

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Narteau ◽  
P. Shebalin ◽  
M. Holschneider
Keyword(s):  
Decay Rate ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Static Fatigue ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Seismological Data ◽  
Slip Event ◽  
Aftershock Decay Rate

Abstract. We estimate the loading rate in southern California and the change in stress induced by a transient slip event across the San Andreas fault (SAF) system in central California, using a model of static fatigue. We analyze temporal properties of aftershocks in order to determine the time delay before the onset of the power law aftershock decay rate. In creep-slip and stick-slip zones, we show that the rate of change of this delay is related to seismic and aseismic deformation across the SAF system. Furthermore, we show that this rate of change is proportional to the deficit of slip rate along the SAF. This new relationship between geodetic and seismological data is in good agreement with predictions from a Limited Power Law model in which the evolution of the duration of a linear aftershock decay rate over short time results from variations in the load of the brittle upper crust.

VARIATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS: THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (27) ◽  
pp. 4937-4950 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. FLAMBAUM
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Physical Constants

Review of recent works devoted to the variation of the fine structure constant α, strong interaction and fundamental masses (Higgs vacuum) is presented. The results from Big Bang nucleosynthesis, quasar absorption spectra, and Oklo natural nuclear reactor data give us the space-time variation on the Universe lifetime scale. Comparison of different atomic clocks gives us the present time variation. Assuming linear variation with time we can compare different results. The best limit on the variation of the electron-to-proton mass ratio μ = me/Mp and Xe = me/ΛQCD follows from the quasar absorption spectra:1[Formula: see text]. A combination of this result and the atomic clock results2,3 gives the best limt on variation of [Formula: see text]. The Oklo natural reactor gives the best limit on the variation of Xs = ms/ΛQCD where ms is the strange quark mass:4,5[Formula: see text]. Note that the Oklo data can not give us any limit on the variation of α since the effect of α there is much smaller than the effect of Xs and should be neglected. Huge enhancement of the relative variation effects happens in transitions between close atomic, molecular and nuclear energy levels. We suggest several new cases where the levels are very narrow. Large enhancement of the variation effects is also possible in cold atomic and molecular collisions near Feshbach resonance. How changing physical constants and violation of local position invariance may occur? Light scalar fields very naturally appear in modern cosmological models, affecting parameters of the Standard Model (e.g. α). Cosmological variations of these scalar fields should occur because of drastic changes of matter composition in Universe: the latest such event is rather recent (about 5 billion years ago), from matter to dark energy domination. Massive bodies (stars or galaxies) can also affect physical constants. They have large scalar charge S proportional to number of particles which produces a Coulomb-like scalar field U = S/r. This leads to a variation of the fundamental constants proportional to the gravitational potential, e.g. δα/α = kαδ(GM/rc2). We compare different manifestations of this effect. The strongest limits6kα + 0.17ke = (-3.5 ±6) × 10-7 and kα + 0.13kq = (-1 ± 17) × 10-7 are obtained from the measurements of dependence of atomic frequencies on the distance from Sun2,7 (the distance varies due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit).

Exploring the Spatio-Temporal Properties of Simple Conducting Gestures using a Synchronization Task

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Luck ◽  
John Sloboda
Keyword(s):  
Biological Motion ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Instantaneous Speed ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Point Light ◽  
Beat Induction

THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN movement that induce the percept of a visual beat were investigated in three experiments. Experiment 1, in which participants synchronized key presses with point-light representations of simple conducting gestures, showed that visual beat induction was related to acceleration along the trajectory (a), and, to a lesser extent, high instantaneous speed (v). Experiment 2, in which the curvature component of the gestures was held constant, largely supported this finding. Experiment 3, in which the speed component of the gestures was held constant, indicated that neither radius of curvature (r) nor rate of change of radius of curvature (r') alone were related to visual beat induction. In addition, analysis of the characteristics of the gestures highlighted inconsistencies between descriptions of the beat in the conducting literature, and descriptions of biological motion in the human movement literature,with the gestures used here conforming to the latter.

scholarly journals Forecasting the Growth of Complexity and Change

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
THEODORE MODIS
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

In the spirit of punctuated equilibrium, complexity is quantified relatively in terms of the spacing between equally important evolutionary turning points (milestones). Thirteen data sets of such milestones, obtained from a variety of scientific sources, provide data on the most important complexity jumps between the big bang and today. Forecasts for future complexity jumps are obtained via exponential and logistic fits on the data. The quality of the fits and common sense dictate that the forecast by the logistic function should be retained. This forecast stipulates that we have already reached the maximum rate of growth for complexity, and that in the future, complexity's rate of change (and the rate of change in our lives) will be declining. One corollary is that we are roughly halfway through the lifetime of the universe. Another result is that complexity's rate of growth has built up to its present high level via seven evolutionary subprocesses, themselves amenable to logistic description.

Auditory Training to Improve Speech Perception and Self-Efficacy in Aging Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1270-1281
Author(s):  
Leah Fostick ◽  
Riki Taitelbaum-Swead ◽  
Shulamith Kreitler ◽  
Shelly Zokraut ◽  
Miriam Billig
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Temporal Order Judgment ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Intensity Discrimination ◽  
Training Design ◽  
Auditory Temporal Processing ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Aging Adults

Purpose Difficulty in understanding spoken speech is a common complaint among aging adults, even when hearing impairment is absent. Correlational studies point to a relationship between age, auditory temporal processing (ATP), and speech perception but cannot demonstrate causality unlike training studies. In the current study, we test (a) the causal relationship between a spatial–temporal ATP task (temporal order judgment [TOJ]) and speech perception among aging adults using a training design and (b) whether improvement in aging adult speech perception is accompanied by improved self-efficacy. Method Eighty-two participants aged 60–83 years were randomly assigned to a group receiving (a) ATP training (TOJ) over 14 days, (b) non-ATP training (intensity discrimination) over 14 days, or (c) no training. Results The data showed that TOJ training elicited improvement in all speech perception tests, which was accompanied by increased self-efficacy. Neither improvement in speech perception nor self-efficacy was evident following non-ATP training or no training. Conclusions There was no generalization of the improvement resulting from TOJ training to intensity discrimination or generalization of improvement resulting from intensity discrimination training to speech perception. These findings imply that the effect of TOJ training on speech perception is specific and such improvement is not simply the product of generally improved auditory perception. It provides support for the idea that temporal properties of speech are indeed crucial for speech perception. Clinically, the findings suggest that aging adults can be trained to improve their speech perception, specifically through computer-based auditory training, and this may improve perceived self-efficacy.

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