American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Children’s Body Mass Index: Diminished Returns of Parental Education and Family Income

Background: High socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with several health-related outcomes, such as obesity and body mass index (BMI). However, we do not know whether SES is associated differently with children’s BMI from American Indian and Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (AIAN/NHPI) families when compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) families. Aim: To compare AIAN/NHPI and NHW families for associations between parental education, family income, and children’s BMI in the United States (U.S). Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants (n = 8580) included 63 AIAN/NHPI and 8517 NHW children between ages 9 and 10. The independent variables were parental education and family income. The primary outcome was BMI. Race was the moderator. Age, sex, and family structure were covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results: In the pooled sample, higher parental education and family income were associated with lower children’s BMI. We found interactions between race and parental education and family income indicating weaker associations between parental education and family income and children’s BMI in AIAN/NHPI families than in NHW families. Conclusion: The salience of parental education and family income as social determinants of children’s BMI is diminished for AIAN/NHPI families than NHW families. As a result, AIAN/NHPIs children with high SES remain at risk for high BMI, while high-SES NHW children show the lowest BMI. Future research should test if obesogenic environments, food options, and physical activity-friendly neighborhoods can explain higher-than-expected BMI in high-SES AIAN/NHPI children. In other terms, more research is needed to understand if residential segregation, discrimination, and historical trauma explain the observed differences in the social patterning of childhood BMI in AIAN/NHPI and NHW communities.

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Associations among Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Health Indicators in American Indian and Alaska Native Adults

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.4278/ajhp.080528-quan-72 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 246-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Martha L. Slattery ◽

Elizabeth D. Ferucci ◽

Maureen A. Murtaugh ◽

Sandra Edwards ◽

Khe-Ni Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

American Indian ◽

Body Mass ◽

Alaska Native ◽

Health Indicators

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Maternal correlates of body mass index in American Indian/Alaska Native and White adolescents: Differences between mother/son and mother/daughter pairs

Eating Behaviors ◽

10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.11.002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 43-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Zamora-Kapoor ◽

Lonnie Nelson ◽

Dedra Buchwald

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

American Indian ◽

Body Mass ◽

Alaska Native ◽

White Adolescents

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Body Mass Index and Cancer Screening in Older American Indian and Alaska Native Men

The Journal of Rural Health ◽

10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00206.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 104-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kyle J. Muus ◽

Twyla Baker-Demaray ◽

Leander R. McDonald ◽

Richard L. Ludtke ◽

Alan J. Allery ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

American Indian ◽

Body Mass ◽

Alaska Native

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The Effects of Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Fetal Macrosomia Among American Indian/Alaska Native Women

Maternal and Child Health Journal ◽

10.1007/s10995-015-1769-z ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 2480-2491 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Karilynn Rockhill ◽

Haley Dorfman ◽

Meghna Srinath ◽

Carol Hogue

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Weight Gain ◽

American Indian ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Body Mass ◽

Alaska Native ◽

Fetal Macrosomia ◽

Native Women ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Prepregnancy Body Mass Index

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Demographic and Reproductive Factors Associated with Hemifacial Microsomia

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/03-110.1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 494-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Martha M. Werler ◽

Jane E. Sheehan ◽

Catherine Hayes ◽

Bonnie L. Padwa ◽

Allen A. Mitchell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Family Income ◽

Reproductive Factors ◽

The United States ◽

Hemifacial Microsomia ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Craniofacial Malformations

Objective To identify demographic and reproductive risk factors for hemifacial microsomia in offspring. Design In a case-control study, maternal interviews were conducted within 3 years after delivery. Cases with hemifacial microsomia were ascertained from craniofacial centers in 26 cities in the United States and Canada. Controls were patients of the cases’ pediatricians. Two hundred thirty-nine cases were compared with 854 controls. Odds ratios for various infant and maternal factors were estimated. Results Cases had lower birth weights, were more often male or a twin, and had more relatives with craniofacial malformations or hearing loss than controls. Case mothers had lower family incomes, had a lower body mass index, had more vaginal bleeding in the second trimester, and were more likely to have had a spontaneous abortion in a previous pregnancy. Conclusions Nonmodifiable factors (age and parity) were not associated with hemifacial microsomia risk. Factors that are related to poverty (low family income, late recognition of pregnancy, and low body mass index) are associated with an increase in risk. High risk estimates for multiple pregnancies and second-trimester vaginal bleeding suggest a vascular etiology.

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The Relationship Between Select Demographic Characteristics and Body Mass Index Among Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Caregiving Adults

Journal of Transcultural Nursing ◽

10.1177/1043659614523998 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 31-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katrina L. Duncan ◽

Jane H. Lassetter ◽

Gwen VanServellen ◽

Lora Beth Brown ◽

Lauren Clark ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Native Hawaiian ◽

Pacific Islander ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

The Relationship

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Dental Care Utilization and Service Needs Among American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian Elders: 2008 to 2017

Journal of Aging and Health ◽

10.1177/0898264318800598 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (10) ◽

pp. 1917-1940

Author(s):

Shawnda Schroeder ◽

Collette Adamsen ◽

Cole Ward

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Native American ◽

American Indian ◽

Dental Care ◽

Alaska Native ◽

Native Hawaiian ◽

The United States ◽

Care Utilization ◽

Dental Care Utilization ◽

Need For Treatment

Objective: This study describes trends in self-reported dental care utilization and services needed among American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian (AI/AN/NH) elders 2008 to 2017, including demographic and socioeconomic variability. Method: Researchers utilized data from the Survey of Elders administered by the National Resource Center on Native American Aging, representing all regions of the United States and 262 tribes. Data were analyzed comparing means over time and between/within groups. Results: Between April 2008 and March 2017, there was a statistically significant ( p < .001) increase in the proportion of older adults who visited a dentist and an increase in need for treatment. A smaller proportion of older adults reported need for treatment among those who were privately insured, high income, had no tobacco use, were employed, and had visited a dental professional in the last year. Discussion: These findings highlight current dental needs among tribal elders while also identifying elders at greater risk of poor oral health.

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Unpacking the Placement of American Indian and Alaska Native Students in Special Education Programs and Services in the Early Grades: School Readiness as a Predictive Variable

Harvard Educational Review ◽

10.17763/haer.78.3.8w010nq4u83348q5 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 498-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jacob Hibel ◽

Susan Faircloth ◽

George Farkas

Keyword(s):

Special Education ◽

American Indian ◽

School Readiness ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Alaska Native ◽

The United States ◽

Future Research ◽

Multilevel Regression ◽

Special Education Placement ◽

Significant Difference

In this article, Jacob Hibel, Susan Faircloth, and George Farkas investigate the persistent finding that American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students are overrepresented in special education. Using data from the kindergarten cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, the authors compare the third-grade special education placement rate of AI/AN students to that of other racial/ethnic groups. They find that approximately 15 percent of AI/AN third-graders received special education services, a rate far higher than that of the other racial and ethnic groups. However,using multilevel regression analysis to control for a number of confounding factors,including socioeconomic status and test scores at school entry, they find no statistically significant difference between the special education placement rates of AI/AN and non-Hispanic white students. Controlling for a range of school characteristics,they also find that schools with a higher proportion of AI/AN students place these students in special education at rates similar to those of other schools in the United States. The authors conclude that the strongest predictor of special education placement is a student's academic readiness on entering kindergarten as measured by the student's pre-reading and pre-mathematics scores. They discuss the implications of these findings for future research and practice in the education of AI/AN students.

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Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Non School Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Adolescent Girls

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.6.6.731 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 731-740 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Carolyn C. Voorhees ◽

Dianne J. Catellier ◽

J. Scott Ashwood ◽

Deborah A. Cohen ◽

Ariane Rung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Body Mass ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Parental Education ◽

Social Deprivation ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

The United States ◽

Neighborhood Level

Background:Socioeconomic status (SES) has well known associations with a variety of health conditions and behaviors in adults but is unknown in adolescents.Methods:Multilevel analysis was conducted to examine the associations between individual and neighborhood-level measures of SES and physical activity and body mass index in a sample of 1554 6th grade girls selected at random from 36 middle schools across 6 geographic regions in the United States that participated in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG). Data on parental education and employment, and receipt of subsidized school lunch were collected by questionnaire. Neighborhood-level SES was measured by the Townsend Index. Nonschool physical activity levels were measured by accelerometer and type, location and context was measured using a 3 day physical activity recall (3DPAR).Results:After controlling for race, lower parental education and higher levels of social deprivation were associated with higher BMI. In a model with both variables, effects were attenuated and only race remained statistically significant. None of the indices of SES were related to accelerometer measured physical activity. Bivariate associations with self-reported Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) location and type (3DPAR) varied by SES.Conclusion:Among adolescent girls in the TAAG Study, the prevalence of overweight is high and inversely related to individual and neighborhood SES.

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