Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: current knowledge and future directions

OBJECT Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and other illnesses. This study’s objective was to determine the association of prior mild TBI with the subsequent diagnosis (that is, at least 1 year postinjury) of neurological or psychiatric disease. METHODS All studies from January 1995 to February 2012 reporting TBI as a risk factor for diagnoses of interest were identified by searching PubMed, study references, and review articles. Reviewers abstracted the data and assessed study designs and characteristics. RESULTS Fifty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. A random effects meta-analysis revealed a significant association of prior TBI with subsequent neurological and psychiatric diagnoses. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for the development of any illness subsequent to prior TBI was 1.67 (95% CI 1.44–1.93, p < 0.0001). Prior TBI was independently associated with both neurological (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.31–1.83, p < 0.0001) and psychiatric (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.50–2.66, p < 0.0001) outcomes. Analyses of individual diagnoses revealed higher odds of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, depression, mixed affective disorders, and bipolar disorder in individuals with previous TBI as compared to those without TBI. This association was present when examining only studies of mild TBI and when considering the influence of study design and characteristics. Analysis of a subset of studies demonstrated no evidence that multiple TBIs were associated with higher odds of disease than a single TBI. CONCLUSIONS History of TBI, including mild TBI, is associated with the development of neurological and psychiatric illness. This finding indicates that either TBI is a risk factor for heterogeneous pathological processes or that TBI may contribute to a common pathological mechanism.

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Cognitive control constrains memory attributions

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19001869 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Colleen M. Kelley ◽

Larry L. Jacoby

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Older Adults ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Cognitive Control

Abstract Cognitive control constrains retrieval processing and so restricts what comes to mind as input to the attribution system. We review evidence that older adults, patients with Alzheimer's disease, and people with traumatic brain injury exert less cognitive control during retrieval, and so are susceptible to memory misattributions in the form of dramatic levels of false remembering.

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Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-β pathology: a link to Alzheimer's disease?

Nature Reviews Neuroscience ◽

10.1038/nrn2808 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 361-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 298

Author(s):

Victoria E. Johnson ◽

William Stewart ◽

Douglas H. Smith

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Amyloid Β

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Caracole as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases: A Systematic

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527320666210506185042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Zamanian ◽

Małgorzata Kujawska ◽

Marjan Nikbakht Zadeh ◽

Amin Hassanshahi ◽

Soudeh Ramezanpour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Antioxidant Systems ◽

Neuroprotective Agent ◽

The Impact

Background & objective: Neurological diseases are becoming a significant problem worldwide, with the elderly at a higher risk of being affected. Several researchers have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Carvacrol (CAR) (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol). This review systematically surveys the existing literature on the impact of CAR when used as a neuroprotective agent in neurological diseases. Methods: The systematic review involved English articles published in the last ten years obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The following descriptors were used to search the literature: “Carvacrol” [Title] AND “neuroprotective (neuroprotection)” [Title] OR “stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, seizure, epilepsy [Title]. Results: : A total of 208 articles were retrieved during the search process, but only 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for review. A total of 20 articles were identified, in which the efficacy of CAR was described in experimental models of stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, , epilepsy, and seizure, through motor deficits improvements in neurochemical activity, especially antioxidant systems, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as inhibition of TRPC1 and TRPM7. Conclusion : The data presented in this study support the beneficial impact of CAR on behavioural and neurochemical deficits. CAR benefits accrue because of its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, CAR has emerged as an alternative treatment for neurological disorders based on its properties.

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