The face identity discrimination according to the adaptation with the average face in children with ASD and TD

Abstract Facial movements of others during verbal and social interaction are often too rapid to be faced and/or processed in time by numerous children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which could contribute to their face-to-face interaction peculiarities. We wish here to measure the effect of reducing the speed of one's facial dynamics on the visual exploration of the face by children with ASD. Twenty-three children with ASD and 29 typically-developing control children matched for chronological age passively viewed a video of a speaker telling a story at various velocities, i.e., a real-time speed and two slowed-down speeds. The visual scene was divided into four areas of interest (AOI): face, mouth, eyes, and outside the face. With an eye-tracking system, we measured the percentage of total fixation duration per AOI and the number and mean duration of the visual fixations made on each AOI. In children with ASD, the mean duration of visual fixations on the mouth region, which correlated with their verbal level, increased at slowed-down velocity compared with the real-time one, a finding which parallels a result also found in the control children. These findings strengthen the therapeutic potential of slowness for enhancing verbal and language abilities in children with ASD.

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Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the Monkey Amygdala

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00714.2006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 1671-1683 ◽

Cited By ~ 182

Author(s):

K. M. Gothard ◽

F. P. Battaglia ◽

C. A. Erickson ◽

K. M. Spitler ◽

D. G. Amaral

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Firing Rate ◽

Face Processing ◽

Neural Responses ◽

Firing Rates ◽

Face Identity ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

The Face ◽

Face Stimuli ◽

Human Faces

The amygdala is purported to play an important role in face processing, yet the specificity of its activation to face stimuli and the relative contribution of identity and expression to its activation are unknown. In the current study, neural activity in the amygdala was recorded as monkeys passively viewed images of monkey faces, human faces, and objects on a computer monitor. Comparable proportions of neurons responded selectively to images from each category. Neural responses to monkey faces were further examined to determine whether face identity or facial expression drove the face-selective responses. The majority of these neurons (64%) responded both to identity and facial expression, suggesting that these parameters are processed jointly in the amygdala. Large fractions of neurons, however, showed pure identity-selective or expression-selective responses. Neurons were selective for a particular facial expression by either increasing or decreasing their firing rate compared with the firing rates elicited by the other expressions. Responses to appeasing faces were often marked by significant decreases of firing rates, whereas responses to threatening faces were strongly associated with increased firing rate. Thus global activation in the amygdala might be larger to threatening faces than to neutral or appeasing faces.

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The effect of lambing performance on the face cover of ewes

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9640086 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

pp. 86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

RB Dun ◽

BH Clinton ◽

TH Crofts ◽

JOC Furner ◽

AC Godlee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Performance ◽

New South ◽

Full Range ◽

New South Wales ◽

South Wales ◽

The Face ◽

Average Face

Face cover was scored on 1979 maiden ewes mated on seven commercial properties in New South Wales. Results from four muffled flocks (full range of face cover scores) showed a small regression of percentage ewes wet on face cover scored prior to mating (b = -2.9, P<0.01). There was no relationship between these measurements in three open faced flocks (no ewes with face cover above score 4). A second score for face cover, given when the ewes had lambs at foot, was very strongly related to percentage wet ewes (b = -7.5, P<0.001, for muffled flocks and b = -6.3, P<0.01, for open faced flocks). The importance of time of scoring in determining the strength of the relation between reproductive performance and face cover, was caused by wet ewes dropping 0.6 grades in average face cover score between mating and marking. Dry ewes maintained their level of face cover.

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Automatic extraction of the face identity-subspace

Image and Vision Computing ◽

10.1016/s0262-8856(02)00004-5 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 20 (5-6) ◽

pp. 319-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

N.P. Costen ◽

T.F. Cootes ◽

G.J. Edwards ◽

C.J. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Automatic Extraction ◽

Face Identity ◽

The Face

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Measurement of Face-touching Frequency in a Simulated Train

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201911102027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 02027 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kentaro Morita ◽

Kaho Hashimoto ◽

Masayuki Ogata ◽

Hitomi Tsutsumi ◽

Shin-ichi Tanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Public Spaces ◽

Skin Condition ◽

Infection Risk ◽

Video Monitoring ◽

Environmental Surfaces ◽

The Face ◽

Monitoring Survey ◽

Average Face ◽

The Relationship

Contact behavior in a public space influences the risk of contact infection because public spaces have many environmental surfaces contaminated with pathogens. It is useful for risk reduction to examine the factor of infection risk among behaviors. In the present study, a video monitoring survey was conducted in a simulated cabin of a commuter train, we had built, to investigate the relationship between face-touching frequencies and individual attributes. As a result, the average face-touching frequency was 17.8 times per hour. Of all face touches, mucosal contact was 42.2%. Focusing on the sex, the face-touching frequency was significantly higher for the males than for the females. Focusing on the skin condition, the face-touching frequency of those who did not wear makeup was significantly higher than that of those who did. The significant sex differences may depend on the makeup. Focusing on pollution awareness, higher pollution awareness related to lower frequency. Thus, by improving pollution awareness of the environmental surfaces in public spaces, it is possible to reduce effectively face-touching frequency and, hence, infection risk.

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Men's Facial Masculinity: When (Body) Size Matters

Perception ◽

10.1068/p7673 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 43 (11) ◽

pp. 1191-1202 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Iris J Holzleitner ◽

David W Hunter ◽

Bernard P Tiddeman ◽

Alassane Seck ◽

Daniel E Re ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Height ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Sexually Dimorphic ◽

Simple Method ◽

Facial Cues ◽

Face Shape ◽

Facial Masculinity ◽

The Face ◽

Average Face ◽

Independent Effects

Recent studies suggest that judgments of facial masculinity reflect more than sexually dimorphic shape. Here, we investigated whether the perception of masculinity is influenced by facial cues to body height and weight. We used the average differences in three-dimensional face shape of forty men and forty women to compute a morphological masculinity score, and derived analogous measures for facial correlates of height and weight based on the average face shape of short and tall, and light and heavy men. We found that facial cues to body height and weight had substantial and independent effects on the perception of masculinity. Our findings suggest that men are perceived as more masculine if they appear taller and heavier, independent of how much their face shape differs from women's. We describe a simple method to quantify how body traits are reflected in the face and to define the physical basis of psychological attributions.

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Read my lips! Perception of speech in noise by preschool children with autism and the impact of watching the speaker’s face

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽

10.1186/s11689-020-09348-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rochelle S. Newman ◽

Laura A. Kirby ◽

Katie Von Holzen ◽

Elizabeth Redcay

Keyword(s):

Background Noise ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Time Course ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Impaired Performance ◽

Children With Asd ◽

The Face ◽

Curve Modeling ◽

Human Faces ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Adults and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders show greater difficulties comprehending speech in the presence of noise. Moreover, while neurotypical adults use visual cues on the mouth to help them understand speech in background noise, differences in attention to human faces in autism may affect use of these visual cues. No work has yet examined these skills in toddlers with ASD, despite the fact that they are frequently faced with noisy, multitalker environments. Methods Children aged 2-5 years, both with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD), saw pairs of images in a preferential looking study and were instructed to look at one of the two objects. Sentences were presented in the presence of quiet or another background talker (noise). On half of the trials, the face of the target person speaking was presented, while half had no face present. Growth-curve modeling was used to examine the time course of children’s looking to the appropriate vs. opposite image. Results Noise impaired performance for both children with ASD and their age- and language-matched peers. When there was no face present on the screen, the effect of noise was generally similar across groups with and without ASD. But when the face was present, the noise had a more detrimental effect on children with ASD than their language-matched peers, suggesting neurotypical children were better able to use visual cues on the speaker’s face to aid performance. Moreover, those children with ASD who attended more to the speaker’s face showed better listening performance in the presence of noise. Conclusions Young children both with and without ASD show poorer performance comprehending speech in the presence of another talker than in quiet. However, results suggest that neurotypical children may be better able to make use of face cues to partially counteract the effects of noise. Children with ASD varied in their use of face cues, but those children who spent more time attending to the face of the target speaker appeared less disadvantaged by the presence of background noise, indicating a potential path for future interventions.

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3D Numerical Investigation of Face Stability in Tunnels with Unsupported Face

10.21203/rs.3.rs-397369/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

DIMITRIOS GEORGIOU ◽

ALEXANDROS KALOS ◽

MICHAEL KAVVADAS

Keyword(s):

Stability Parameter ◽

Volume Loss ◽

Tunnel Wall ◽

Tunnel Face ◽

Face Stability ◽

Ground Conditions ◽

The Face ◽

Suitable Combination ◽

Average Face ◽

The Stability

Abstract The paper studies the stability of unsupported tunnel faces by analyzing the results of a large number of 3D numerical analyses of tunnel faces, in various ground conditions and overburden depths. The analyses calculate the average face extrusion (Uh) by averaging the axial displacement over the tunnel face. Limiting face stability occurs when the average face extrusion becomes very large and algorithmic convergence becomes problematic. Using the results of the analyses, a dimensionless “face stability parameter” is defined, which depends on a suitable combination of ground strength, overburden depth and tunnel width. The face stability parameter correlates very well with many critical tunnel face parameters, like the safety factor of the tunnel against face instability, the average face extrusion, the radial convergence of the tunnel wall at the excavation face, the volume loss and the deconfinement ratio at the tunnel face. Thus, semi-empirical formulae are proposed for the calculation of these parameters in terms of the face stability parameter. Since the face stability parameter can be easily calculated from basic tunnel and ground parameters, the above critical tunnel parameters can be calculated, and conclusions can be drawn about tunnel face stability, volume loss and the deconfinement ratio at the excavation face which can be useful in preliminary tunnel designs.

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Oscillatory entrainment mechanisms and anticipatory predictive processes in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00329.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shlomit Beker ◽

John J Foxe ◽

Sophie Molholm

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Neural Mechanism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Auditory Target ◽

Visual Responses ◽

Temporal Prediction ◽

Children With Asd ◽

The Face

Anticipating near-future events is fundamental to adaptive behavior, whereby neural processing of predictable stimuli is significantly facilitated relative to non-predictable events. Neural oscillations appear to be a key anticipatory mechanism by which processing of upcoming stimuli is modified, and they often entrain to rhythmic environmental sequences. Clinical and anecdotal observations have led to the hypothesis that people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may have deficits in generating predictions, and as such, a candidate neural mechanism may be failure to adequately entrain neural activity to repetitive environmental patterns to facilitate temporal predictions. We tested this hypothesis by interrogating temporal predictions and rhythmic entrainment using behavioral and electrophysiological approaches. We recorded high-density electroencephalography in children with ASD and Typically Developing (TD) age- and IQ-matched controls, while they reacted to an auditory target as quickly as possible. This auditory event was either preceded by predictive rhythmic visual cues, or not. Both ASD and control groups presented comparable behavioral facilitation in response to the Cue vs. No-Cue condition, challenging the hypothesis that children with ASD have deficits in generating temporal predictions. Analyses of the electrophysiological data, in contrast, revealed significantly reduced neural entrainment to the visual cues, and altered anticipatory processes in the ASD group. This was the case despite intact stimulus evoked visual responses. These results support intact temporal prediction in response to a cue in ASD, in the face of altered entrainment and anticipatory processes.

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Beauty is in the Eye of the Cultural Beholder

10.31234/osf.io/34vsj ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jiayu Zhan ◽

Meng Liu ◽

Oliver G. B. Garrod ◽

Christoph Daube ◽

Robin A A Ince ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Selection Pressure ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Subjective Ratings ◽

Natural Distribution ◽

Common Basis ◽

Face Features ◽

Individual Participant ◽

The Face ◽

Average Face ◽

Key Questions

Is face beauty universally perceived from a common basis of objectively definable face features, or is it irreducibly subjective and in the idiosyncratic eye of the cultural, or even individual beholder? We addressed this longstanding debate by objectively modelling the face beauty preferences of 80 individual male participants across Western European (WE) and East Asian (EA) cultures. With state-of-the-art 3D face capture technology, we derived a generative model that synthesized on each trial a random WE or EA female face whose shape and complexion is constrained by natural face variations. Each participant rated the attractiveness of the face on a Likert scale. We then reverse correlated these subjective ratings with the synthesized shape and complexion face parameters to reconstruct individual face models of attractiveness for same and other ethnicity faces. By analyzing the resulting 80 individual models and reconstructing the representation space of face beauty, we addressed several key questions. Against popular belief, we show that the most attractive faces are not average face. Instead, attractive features are at the outskirts of the natural distribution of face variations, suggesting a selection pressure away from the average. Such features also form their own subspace that is separate from cues of sexual dimorphism (i.e. masculine vs. feminine). Finally, we reveal the global preferences of face features across cultures, and specific cultural and individual participant idiosyncrasies. Our results therefore represent face attractiveness in its diversity to inform and impact fundamental theories of human social perception and signalling and the design of globalized digital avatars.

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