Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum patógeno vascular de solanáceas: Diagnóstico y control

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) es una bacteria fitopatógena Gram-negativa, limitada al floema en solanáceas y no cultivable in vitro. Es transmitida de manera vertical y horizontal por el psílido Bactericera cockerelli. En México se asocia como responsable de la enfermedad "permanente del tomate", "punta morada de la papa" (Zebra chip) y "variegado del chile". Los síntomas causados por la bacteria varían según el cultivar y la etapa de crecimiento del hospedante pero consisten principalmente en amarillamientos y deformación de la lámina foliar, debido a la alimentación del vector y la colonización del patógeno. Las infecciones ocasionadas por CLso reducen la calidad del producto y el valor comercial en el mercado. La presencia de esta bacteria ha sido detectada en los estados de Coahuila, Sinaloa y Guanajuato, México a través de técnicas moleculares; mientras que el control de la enfermedad se encuentra enfocado en el vector, mediante prácticas culturales y la aplicación de agentes químicos y biológicos. Por lo anterior el objetivo del trabajo es puntualizar la situación actual de la distribución de CLso en México, los métodos de diagnóstico y las estrategias para el manejo integrado de la enfermedad y el vector.

Role of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ and Bactericera cockerelli Haplotypes in Zebra Chip Incidence and Symptom Severity

American Journal of Potato Research ◽

10.1007/s12230-018-9678-5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 95 (6) ◽

pp. 709-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kylie D. Swisher Grimm ◽

Tariq Mustafa ◽

W. Rodney Cooper ◽

Joseph E. Munyaneza

Keyword(s):

Symptom Severity ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Susceptibility of Physalis longifolia (Solanales: Solanaceae) to Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (6) ◽

pp. 2595-2603

Author(s):

Cesar A Reyes Corral ◽

W Rodney Cooper ◽

David R Horton ◽

Alexander V Karasev

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Field Trials ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Western United States ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Major Pest

Abstract The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), is a major pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.; Solanales: Solanaceae) as a vector of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, the pathogen that causes zebra chip. Management of zebra chip is challenging in part because the noncrop sources of Liberibacter-infected psyllids arriving in potato remain unknown. Adding to this challenge is the occurrence of distinct genetic haplotypes of both potato psyllid and Liberibacter that differ in host range. Longleaf groundcherry (Physalis longifolia Nutt.) has been substantially overlooked in prior research as a potential noncrop source of Liberibacter-infected B. cockerelli colonizing fields of potato. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of P. longifolia to the three common haplotypes of B. cockerelli (central, western, and northwestern haplotypes), and to two haplotypes of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ (Liberibacter A and B haplotypes). Greenhouse bioassays indicated that B. cockerelli of all three haplotypes produced more offspring on P. longifolia than on potato and preferred P. longifolia over potato during settling and egg-laying activities. Greenhouse and field trials showed that P. longifolia was also highly susceptible to Liberibacter. Additionally, we discovered that infected rhizomes survived winter and produced infected plants in late spring that could then be available for psyllid colonization and pathogen acquisition. Results show that P. longifolia is susceptible to both B. cockerelli and ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and must be considered as a potentially important source of infective B. cockerelli colonizing potato fields in the western United States.

Prevalence of ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’ Haplotypes in Potato Tubers and Psyllid Vectors in Idaho From 2012 to 2018

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-18-2113-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (10) ◽

pp. 2587-2591 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jennifer Dahan ◽

Erik J. Wenninger ◽

Brandon D. Thompson ◽

Sahar Eid ◽

Nora Olsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Sticky Traps ◽

Low Level ◽

Haplotype Distribution ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Tuber Disease

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is an uncultured, phloem-associated bacterium causing a severe tuber disease in potato called zebra chip (ZC). Seven haplotypes of Lso have been described in different hosts, with haplotypes A and B found associated with infections in potato and tomato. In the field, Lso is transmitted by the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli), and between 2011 and 2015, a significant change in Lso haplotype prevalence was previously reported in Idaho: from exclusively A haplotype found in tested psyllids in 2012 to mainly B haplotype found in collected psyllids in 2015. However, prevalence of Lso haplotypes in Idaho was not analyzed in potato tubers exhibiting symptoms of ZC. To fill in this knowledge gap, prevalence of Lso haplotypes was investigated in potato tubers harvested in southern Idaho between 2012 and 2018, and it was found to change from exclusively A haplotype in the 2012 season to an almost equal A and B haplotype distribution during the 2016 season. During the same period, haplotype distribution of Lso in psyllid vectors collected using yellow sticky traps also changed, but in psyllids, the shift from A haplotype of Lso to B haplotype was complete, with no A haplotype detected in 2016 to 2018. The changes in the haplotype prevalence of the Lso circulating in potato fields in southern Idaho may be, among other factors, responsible for a decrease in the ZC incidence in Idaho potato fields between an outbreak of the disease in 2012 and a very low level of ZC afterward.

Relative Abundance of Potato Psyllid Haplotypes in Southern Idaho Potato Fields During 2012 to 2015, and Incidence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Causing Zebra Chip Disease

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-16-0668-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 822-829 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jennifer Dahan ◽

Erik J. Wenninger ◽

Brandon Thompson ◽

Sahar Eid ◽

Nora Olsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potato Industry ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

South Central ◽

Zebra Chip Disease ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Zebra chip (ZC) disease, a serious threat to the potato industry, is caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso). Five haplotypes (hapA to hapE) of this pathogen have been described so far in different crops, with only hapA and hapB being associated with ZC in potato. Both haplotypes are vectored and transmitted to a variety of solanaceaeous plants by the tomato/potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc). Psyllids are native to North America, and four haplotypes have been identified and named based on their predominant geographic association: Northwestern, Central, Western, and Southwestern. Although all psyllid haplotypes have been found in southern Idaho potato fields, data on relative haplotype abundances and dynamic changes in the fields over time have not previously been reported. Here, psyllid samples collected in Idaho potato fields from 2012 to 2015 were used to clarify spatial and temporal patterns in distribution and abundance of psyllid and Lso haplotypes. A shift from hapA toward hapB population of Lso was revealed during these four seasons, indicating possible evolution of Lso in Idaho fields. Although we confirmed that Western psyllids were the most abundant by far during the four seasons of observation, we also observed changes in abundance of other haplotypes, including increased diversity of psyllid haplotypes during 2015. Seasonal changes observed for the Northwestern and Central haplotypes could potentially be linked to psyllid migration and/or habitat changes. South-central Idaho exhibited more diversity in psyllid haplotypes than southwestern Idaho.

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (zebra chip).

10.1079/cpc.109434.20210100061 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph E Munyaneza

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Plant Pests ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

North And South

Abstract Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) is a phloem-limited, Gram-negative, unculturable bacterium that is primarily spread by psyllid insect vectors. It is considered very invasive due to its ability to be transported primarily in infective psyllids (Munyaneza et al., 2007a; 2010a,b; 2012a,b; Munyaneza, 2012; Alfaro-Fernandez et al., 2012a,b). It has been shown that Lso distribution in the Americas, New Zealand and Europe follows the distribution of its known psyllid vectors (Munyaneza, 2010; 2012).In New Zealand, where Lso was introduced along with Bactericera cockerelli, supposedly from Western USA in early 2000s, the bacterium had already spread to both North and South Island by the time it was first documented in 2006 (Gill, 2006). It is clear that introduction of the psyllid vectors of Lso into new regions is likely to result in the rapid spread of this bacterium. Lso and several of its vectors are already on several alert lists, including the EPPO A1 Regulated Quarantine Plant Pests.

Transmission Efficiency of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ and Potato Zebra Chip Disease Progress in Relation to Pathogen Titer, Vector Numbers, and Feeding Sites

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-04-12-0094-r ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 102 (11) ◽

pp. 1079-1085 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A. Rashed ◽

T. D. Nash ◽

L. Paetzold ◽

F. Workneh ◽

C. M. Rush

Keyword(s):

Plant Pathogens ◽

Transmission Efficiency ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Feeding Site ◽

Disease Progress ◽

Zebra Chip Disease ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Inoculation Study

With diseases caused by vector-borne plant pathogens, acquisition and inoculation are two primary stages of the transmission, which can determine vector efficiency in spreading the pathogen. The present study was initiated to quantify acquisition and inoculation successes of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, the etiological agent of zebra chip disease of potato, by its psyllid vector, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Acquisition success was evaluated in relation to feeding site on the host plant as well as the acquisition access period. Inoculation success was evaluated in relation to vector number (1 and 4) on the plants. Acquisition success was influenced by the feeding site on the plant. The highest acquisition success occurred when insects had access to the whole plant. The results of the inoculation study indicated that the rate of successfully inoculated plants increased with the vector number. Plants inoculated with multiple psyllids had higher bacterial titer at the point of inoculation. Although disease incubation period was significantly shorter in plants inoculated with multiple psyllids, this effect was heterogeneous across experimental blocks, and was independent of pathogen quantity detected in the leaflets 3 days postinoculation. Disease progress was not affected by bacterial quantity injected or psyllid numbers.

Seasonal Occurrence of Potato Psyllid (Bactericera Cockerelli) and Risk of Zebra Chip Pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum) in Northwestern New Mexico

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11010003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

Koffi Djaman ◽

Charles Higgins ◽

Shantel Begay ◽

Komlan Koudahe ◽

Samuel Allen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Pest Management ◽

Growing Season ◽

Management Decision ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Zebra Chip Disease ◽

Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) is one of the most important pests in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) due to its feeding behavior and the transmission of a bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum) that causes zebra chip disease, altering the quality of the potato tuber and the fried potato chip or french fry. This pest is thus a threat to the chip potato industry and often requires preventive measures including the use of costly insecticides. The objectives of this research were to monitor the variation in B. cockerelli adult abundance and to evaluate the risk of zebra chip disease in northwestern New Mexico, USA. Yellow sticky traps were used to collect the pest at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Farmington, NM and in nearby commercial fields at the Navajo Agricultural Products Industry (NAPI) and Navajo Mesa Farms during the 2017–2019 period. The collected adult pests were analyzed at Texas A & M University for the presence of Candidatus L. solanacearum (Lso). The results showed field infestation by B. cockerelli in early June and that the population peaked during the second half of July and decreased as the potato growing season progressed. However, a second less important peak of the pest was revealed around mid- to late-August, depending on the growing season and field. While the B. cockerelli population increased linearly with average air temperature, it showed strong third order polynomial relationships with the accumulated thermal units and the Julian days. The test of B. cockerelli for the Lso infection revealed a low incidence of the pathogen varying from 0.22% to 6.25% and the infected adult B. cockerelli were collected during the population peak period. The results of this study may be helpful to potato growers in pest management decision-making and control. However, more study is needed to evaluate zebra chip disease in terms of its prevention and economic impact, and to develop economic thresholds and pest management programs for northwestern New Mexico and neighboring regions.

Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a Reservoir Host for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, the Putative Causal Agent of Zebra Chip Disease of Potato

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-14-1254-re ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (7) ◽

pp. 910-915 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Jenita Thinakaran ◽

Elizabeth Pierson ◽

Madhurababu Kunta ◽

Joseph E. Munyaneza ◽

Charlie M. Rush ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Zebra Chip Disease ◽

Commercial Potato ◽

Silverleaf Nightshade ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Solanum Elaeagnifolium

Zebra chip disease of potato is caused by the bacterial pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ and is a growing concern for commercial potato production in several countries in North and Central America and New Zealand. ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ is vectored by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli, which transmits the pathogen to several cultivated and wild solanaceaous host plants. Silverleaf nightshade (SLN), Solanum elaeagnifolium, is a common weed in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and a host for both the potato psyllid and ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’. SLN plants were successfully inoculated with ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ under laboratory conditions. Retention studies demonstrated that ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’-infected SLN planted in the field in January 2013, concurrent with commercial potato planting, retained the pathogen under field conditions throughout the year despite extensive dieback during summer. The presence of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ was confirmed in leaves, roots, and stolons of SLN plants collected the following year using polymerase chain reaction. Acquisition assays using B. cockerelli adults also revealed that SLN retained the pathogen. Transmission studies determined that B. cockerelli can acquire ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ within a 2-week acquisition access period on ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’-infected SLN and subsequently transmit the pathogen to potato. These results demonstrate that SLN plants can serve as a reservoir for ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’, providing a source of inoculum for B. cockerelli adults colonizing potato the next season. The presence of SLN plants all year round in the LRGV makes the weed an epidemiologically important host. These findings underscore the importance of eradicating or managing SLN plants growing in the vicinity of potato fields to prevent spread of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and damage caused by zebra chip.

Effects of sulphur on control of tomato potato psyllid in potato

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5701 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 386-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P.J. Wright ◽

G.P. Walker ◽

D.I. Hedderley

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Field Trial ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Insecticide Spray

Tomato potato psyllid (TPP) (Bactericera cockerelli) vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum a phloemlimited bacterium that can cause a mottled browning discolouration (zebra chip; ZC) in fried crisps Sulphur is mainly used as a fungicide but is also registered in New Zealand as an insecticide against erineum mite (Colomerus vitis) on grapes A field trial to determine TPP response to foliarapplied sulphur found that weekly applications (no insecticides) significantly reduced psyllid nymph numbers in foliage compared with the control (nosulphur noinsecticide) However the incidence of severe ZC in frycooked tubers was higher in the weekly sulphur treatment than with a commercial insecticide spray programme Tubers from both the nonsprayed control and the weekly sulphur treatment had significantly lower yields and specific gravities than those treated with insecticide Sulphur applied alternately with insecticides gave similar results to the commercial insecticide programme promising for the industrys goal of reducing insecticide applications

Presencia de Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum en Bactericera cockerelli Sulc asociada con enfermedades en tomate, chile y papa

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas ◽

10.29312/remexca.v9i3.267 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 499-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Claudia María Melgoza Villagómez ◽

Claudia Del Rosario León Sicairos ◽

José Ángel López Valenzuela ◽

Luis Alberto Hernández Espinal ◽

Sixto Velarde Félix ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neighbor Joining ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

San Luis ◽

San Luis Potosi ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

San Luis Potosí

El “permanente del tomate”, “manchado del tubérculo” o “zebra chip” en papa y “brotes cloróticos” del chile, son tres enfermedades descritas en México con signos coincidentes de aborto de flor, oscurecimiento de tejido vascular en la base del tallo y raíz de las plantas. Se ha mencionado la asociación entre estas enfermedades y la bacteria emergente Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLs) así como al psílido Bactericera cockerelli como su vector. Estas enfermedades, que en inicio se localizaban en tres estados de México se han diseminado a las principales regiones productoras de solanáceas, tanto en condiciones de campo como en invernadero. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la presencia de CLs asociado a enfermedades que afectan los cultivos de tomate, para y chile en México. La bacteria se identificó por PCR del gen 16S de ADNr, clonación y secuenciación. La alineación de secuencias nucleotídicas se realizó con el método Clustal W y el árbol filogenético se construyó con el algoritmo de Neighbor-Joining a partir de distancias calculadas con el método de Tajima-Nei y un índice de Felsenstein de 1 000 réplicas, utilizando el software MEGA versión 5.05. En total se analizaron 167 muestras, de las cuales 86 resultaron positivas, provenientes de 14 estados de México. Se obtuvieron cinco secuencias nucleotídicas de Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí y Sinaloa correspondientes al tomate, papa y chile, adultos y huevecillos de B. cockerelli. El análisis de las secuencias mostró una identidad de 99.4% al comparase entre estas y hasta 99.8% con accesiones del GenBank descritas para CLs en EUA, Nueva Zelanda y Canadá.