Frequent respiratory pathogens of respiratory tract infections in children attending daycare centers

ABSTRACT Gatifloxacin (Bristol-Myers Squibb) and moxifloxacin (Bayer) are new methoxyfluoroquinolones with broad-spectrum activity against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens of the respiratory tract. In this investigation, we analyzed the bactericidal activity in serum over time of these antimicrobials against three aerobic (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus) and four anaerobic (Peptostreptococcus micros, Peptostreptococcus magnus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella melaninogenica) bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections. Serum samples were obtained from 11 healthy male subjects following a single 400-mg oral dose of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin. These samples were collected prior to and at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after the dose of each drug. Gatifloxacin exhibited bactericidal activity for a median of 12 h against Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC = 0.5 μg/ml), Peptostreptococcus micros (MIC = 0.25 μg/ml), and F. nucleatum (MIC = 0.5 μg/ml) and 24 h against H. influenzae (MIC = 0.03 μg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 0.125 μg/ml), Peptostreptococcus magnus (MIC = 0.125 μg/ml), and Prevotella melaninogenica (MIC = 0.5 μg/ml). Moxifloxacin exhibited bactericidal activity for a median of 24 h against Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC = 0.125 μg/ml), H. influenzae (MIC = 0.015 μg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 0.06 μg/ml), F. nucleatum (MIC = 0.5 μg/ml), Prevotella melaninogenica (MIC =0.5 μg/ml), Peptostreptococcus magnus (MIC = 0.125 μg/ml), and Peptostreptococcus micros (MIC = 0.25 μg/ml). The results from this pharmacodynamic study suggest that these fluoroquinolones would have prolonged killing activity against these organisms in vivo and may have clinical utility in the treatment of mixed aerobic-anaerobic respiratory tract infections.

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Evaluation of viral respiratory pathogens in children aged under five hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections

Northern Clinics of Istanbul ◽

10.14744/nci.2021.69923 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gulsen Akkoc

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

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Detection and Analysis of Respiratory Pathogens in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections by a Multiplex-PCR Assay Based on the Genetic Analyzer Platform

Iranian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.5812/ijp.110203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Pengbo Guo ◽

Yanhong Wang ◽

Mingjin Zhou ◽

Shiyue Mei ◽

Yibing Cheng

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Hospitalized Children ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽

Positive Rate ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Genetic Analyzer

Background: Despite the considerable incidence of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) among children in Henan province, detailed epidemiological information is limited Objectives: . Following a retrospective design, the current study aimed to analyze the epidemiological trends of respiratory pathogens in children hospitalized at Henan Children’s Hospital. Methods: A total of 11306 children (age range, 4 days to 15 years) diagnosed with ARTI admitted to Henan Children’s Hospital from March 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020, were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal swabs, alveolar lavage fluid, or sputum samples were analyzed for the presence of 12 pathogens via a multiplex-PCR assay based on the Genetic Analyzer platform. Data of 11306 samples were eligible for analysis. Results: The total positive rate was 78.1% (8831/11306). Of 8831 positive samples, 7017 (79.5%, 7017/8831) had a single pathogen and 1814 (20.5%, 1814/11306) had multiple pathogens. Human rhinovirus was the most common pathogen (25.4%, 2874/11306), followed by mycoplasma (18.1%, 2050/11306) and human respiratory syncytial virus (15.8%, 1783/11306). There was no significant difference concerning the positive rate of respiratory pathogens between boys and girls (χ2 = 0.286, P = 0.593). Children were more likely to be infected in autumn and winter than in spring and summer (9722 vs. 1584, respectively). Conclusions: Human rhinovirus and mycoplasma were the most commonly detected pathogens. The positive rate of chlamydia was independent of the season, while positive rates of other pathogens were season-related. The positive rate of influenza A (H1N1) was independent of age, while for other pathogens, it was age-dependent. This study demonstrated species-level information on the pathogens, which can improve the prevention and treatment of hospitalized children with ARTI.

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Trend in Antibiotic Resistance of Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Haemophilus Influenzae Strains Isolated from Community Acquired Respiratory Tract Infections in Dakar, Senegal between 2005 and 2008

Microbiology Insights ◽

10.4137/mbi.s3819 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. MBI.S3819

Author(s):

A. Guèye Ndiaye ◽

Hounkponou Edwige ◽

Fatou Bintou Guèye ◽

Cheikh Saad Bouh Boye

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Tract Infections

Development of antibiotic resistance among common respiratory pathogens is a major cause of concern worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are among the most common respiratory pathogens. In this study, representative samples obtained from 3 different medical centers in Dakar, Senegal were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. The samples were collected from 2005 to 2008 and the data obtained was compared to establish resistance patterns between the two years (i.e. 2005–2006 to 2007–2008). S. pneumoniae exhibited a significant increase in the resistance to azithromycin and the intermediate susceptibility to penicillin G and cotrimoxazole. H. influenzae also exhibited a significant increase in resistance to azithromycin and intermediate susceptibility to chloramphenicol. None of H. influenzae samples were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalosporin and fluroquinolones and most of the S. pneumoniae isolates demonstrated high susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. Results from this study will provide greater insights to antibiotic therapy during respiratory tract infections in Dakar, Senegal. This study also establishes the importance of continuous monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns that are often region-specific.

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Molecular epidemiology of rhinoviruses in Cyprus over three consecutive seasons

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814002933 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (9) ◽

pp. 1876-1883 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. RICHTER ◽

E. NIKOLAOU ◽

C. PANAYIOTOU ◽

C. TRYFONOS ◽

M. KOLIOU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Global Circulation ◽

History Of ◽

Tract Infections ◽

And Control ◽

First Time ◽

Viral Respiratory

SUMMARYHuman rhinoviruses (HRVs) are widespread respiratory pathogens and a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of rhinovirus infections in children in Cyprus over three consecutive winter seasons. From a total of 116 rhinovirus-positive samples, 68 were sequenced in the 5’-UTR and VP4/VP2 regions. Thirty-six (52·9%) samples were identified as HRV-A and 27 (39·7%) as HRV-C, with only five (7·4%) samples belonging to the HRV-B species. Of these, a total of 46 different genotypes were identified. In the VP2/VP4 phylogenetic tree all strains clustered in three different well-defined clades, whereas the 5’-UTR tree exhibited clades with a mixed clustering of HRV-A and HRV-C strains reflecting the evolutionary history of recombination between HRV-A and HRV-C that has been observed previously. In summary, a high intra- and inter-season diversity of HRV types was observed. Despite its geographical isolation the frequency of HRV species in Cyprus is comparable to that reported in other regions of the world supporting the concept of an unrestricted global circulation. This study assesses, for the first time, the epidemiology of rhinovirus infections in Cypriot children and will be helpful to clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections.

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Sputum Quality Assessment Regarding Sputum Culture for Diagnosing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.551 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 1926-1930

Author(s):

Gorica Popova ◽

Katerina Boskovska ◽

Ivana Arnaudova-Danevska ◽

Olga Smilevska-Spasova ◽

Tatjana Jakovska

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Quality Assessment ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Sputum Culture ◽

Grading System ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Tract Infections

BACKGROUND: The clinical relevance of specimens from the lower airways is often debatable. However, they are most commonly examined for diagnosing lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).AIM: This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of sputum quality assessment about sputum culture for diagnosing LRTIs in children.METHODS: In six months, a total of 1485 sputum samples were quality assessed by using Bartlett’s grading system. All samples, regardless of their quality, were cultured, identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method.RESULTS: Among the acceptable category, defined by Bartlett’s grading system, 132 (63.2%) samples showed culture positivity of which Streptococcus pneumoniae 48 (36.4%) was most commonly isolated, followed by Moraxella catarrhalis 22 (16.7%) and Haemophilus influenza 21 (15.9%). Among the non-acceptable category, 185 (14.5%) samples were culture positive of which most commonly isolated were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 64 (34.6%), 54 (29.2%) and 28 (15.1%), respectively.CONCLUSION: Sputum quality assessment is a useful tool for distinguishing the true respiratory pathogens from possible colonising flora for which antibiotic treatment should not be highly considered.

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Evaluation of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 among Hospitalized Children in Northwest of Iran

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/2270307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Zahra Ramezannia ◽

Javid Sadeghi ◽

Shahram Abdoli Oskouie ◽

Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee ◽

Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Winter Season ◽

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Limited Information ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Background. Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the leading cause of illnesses in children. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are among the most common etiologic agents associated with viral respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Nevertheless, limited information is available on the spread of infections of these two viruses in northwest Iran. Objective. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the frequency of RSV and HPIV-3 and clinical features among Iranian children with confirmed respiratory infections between April 2019 and March 2020. Methods. 100 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from hospitalized patients (under 5 years old) with ARTI from Tabriz Children’s Hospital. Detection of respiratory viruses was performed using the nested RT-PCR method. Results. Respiratory syncytial virus and HPIV-3 were recognized in 18% (18/100) and 2% (2/100) of children, respectively. Ten (55.6%) of the RSV-positive samples were male, while 8 (44.4%) were female. HPIV‐3 was found only among 2 male patients (100%). Most patients (61.1%) with RSV infection were less than 12 months old. Additionally, samples that were positive for HPIV-3 were less than 12 months old. RSV infections had occurred mainly during the winter season. Conclusions. This study confirms that RSV can be one of the important respiratory pathogens in children in northwestern Iran. However, according to this study, HPIV-3 has a lower prevalence among children in this area than RSV. Therefore, implementing a routine diagnosis for respiratory pathogens can improve the management of respiratory infections in children.

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