Effort-focused praise between friends: Effects on mindset and motivation of giver and receiver

Kyosuke Kakinuma; Fumika Nishiguti; Kotoe Sonoda; Haruhi Tajiri; Ayumi Tanaka

doi:10.2224/sbp.9534

Effort-focused praise between friends: Effects on mindset and motivation of giver and receiver

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.9534 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Kyosuke Kakinuma ◽

Fumika Nishiguti ◽

Kotoe Sonoda ◽

Haruhi Tajiri ◽

Ayumi Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Growth Mindset ◽

Everyday Situation ◽

Positive Effect

We examined the effects of effort-focused versus ability-focused praise between friends on individual mindset and motivation, and investigated the effects on the person receiving praise as well as on the praiser. We conducted a scenario-based experiment focusing on an everyday situation based on cooking. The participants were 271 undergraduates who were randomly assigned to six groups, comprising a 2 (receiving or offering praise) × 3 (effort-focused praise, abilityfocused praise, or no praise) design. The results show that both receiving and offering effort-focused praise positively and significantly affected a growth mindset and also had an indirect positive effect on persistence following failure; however, ability-focused praise affected neither mindset nor persistence. Our findings suggest that in daily friendship-based interactions, praise focused on effort over ability encourages adaptive outcomes for both the praised individual and the person offering the praise; therefore, students need to not only praise each other but also pay attention to the type of praise offered.

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Growth Mindset and College Students’ Learning Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Serial Mediation Model

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Zhao ◽

Jianping Xiong ◽

Zhen Zhang ◽

Chunhui Qi

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Growth Mindset ◽

Mediation Model ◽

Learning Engagement ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Mediating Role ◽

The Relationship ◽

Positive Effect

Against the scourge of the COVID-19 pandemic, college students’ learning engagement has become a key issue in universities and society. Guided by the theories of existential positive psychology and social perception, we explored the positive effect of a growth mindset on learning engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 1,040 college students from universities in Henan Province of China effectively completed online questionnaires. The results showed that growth mindset was positively related to learning engagement and negatively associated with perceived COVID-19 event strength and perceived stress; perceived COVID-19 event strength was positively related to perceived stress, while perceived COVID-19 event strength and perceived stress were negatively associated with learning engagement. Growth mindset affected learning engagement through three indirect paths: the mediating role of perceived COVID-19 event strength, the mediating role of perceived stress, and the serial mediating role of both perceived COVID-19 event strength and perceived stress. The results indicated that the growth mindset could contribute to college students’ learning engagement through the roles of perceived COVID-19 event strength and perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study advances the understanding of the mechanism underlying the relationship between growth mindset and college students’ learning engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the findings of the study have important implications for promoting college students’ learning engagement during the pandemic.

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Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000440 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (3-4) ◽

pp. 127-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zeshan Ali ◽

Zhenbin Wang ◽

Rai Muhammad Amir ◽

Shoaib Younas ◽

Asif Wali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Structure ◽

Review Paper ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Active Role ◽

Current Review ◽

Different Types ◽

Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

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Working Memory, Mental Prospection, Time Orientation, and Cognitive Insight

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000111 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 159-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sevtap Cinan ◽

Aslı Doğan

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Factor Model ◽

Time Orientation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Cognitive Insight ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Three Factor

This research is new in its attempt to take future time orientation, morningness orientation, and prospective memory as measures of mental prospection, and to examine a three-factor model that assumes working memory, mental prospection, and cognitive insight are independent but related higher-order cognitive constructs by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The three-factor model produced a good fit to the data. An alternative one-factor model was tested and rejected. The results suggest that working memory and cognitive insight are distinguishable, related constructs, and that both are distinct from, but negatively associated with, mental prospection. In addition, structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that working memory had a strong positive effect on cognitive insight and a moderate negative effect on mental prospection.

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Employees’ Critical Thinking, Leaders’ Inspirational Motivation, and Voice Behavior

Journal of Personnel Psychology ◽

10.1027/1866-5888/a000193 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 33-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jing Jiang ◽

Ang Gao ◽

Baiyin Yang

Keyword(s):

Critical Thinking ◽

Field Study ◽

Voice Behavior ◽

Research And Practice ◽

Inspirational Motivation ◽

Positive Effect

Abstract. This study uses implicit voice theory to examine the influence of employees’ critical thinking and leaders’ inspirational motivation on employees’ voice behavior via voice efficacy. The results of a pretest of 302 employees using critical thinking questionnaires and a field study of 273 dyads of supervisors and their subordinates revealed that both employees’ critical thinking and leaders’ inspirational motivation had a positive effect on employees’ voice and that voice efficacy mediates the relationships among employees’ critical thinking, leaders’ inspirational motivation, and employees’ voice. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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