scholarly journals COMPARISON OF MUSCLE LENGTH IN DOMINANT VERSUS NON-DOMINANT LOWER EXTREMITY IN YOUNG ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 3569-3573
Author(s):  
Pratik Phansopkar
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Length Data ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Goniometric Measurements ◽  
Dominant Side

Muscle length is the length where maximum amount of force a muscle is able to produce. This length is determined by the joint angle that corresponds to the muscle. Understanding the optimal muscle length as well as its comparison between the extremities is very important as a part of examination in physiotherapy. Ranges that are obtained of muscle length helps therapist to recognize individuals with reduced flexibility. Identification and knowledge of muscle length has several role including; evaluation of pre-competition risk for injury, decreased flexibility as an predictor of muscle injury and guides in determining interventional strategy plus training program for an individual. Objectives: To compare muscle length of rectus femoris, hamstring’s, iliopsoas, gastrocnemius in dominant as well as non-dominant side of young asymptomatic individuals in the age group of 18 to 25 years. Method: Through standard goniometer muscle length data was obtained between dominant, non-dominant lower extremity. The methods of assessment used were; active knee extension (AKE) tests the hamstrings length, Thomas and modified Thomas test had been used to evaluate iliopsoas and rectus femoris while prone, figure-four position accompanied by dorsiflexion utilized for gastrocnemius. Result: Values were calculated using goniometric measurements through the group mean values. There is statistically significant variation between the muscle length of hamstring, rectus femoris, iliopsoas and gastrocnemius between the dominant and non-dominant side (p<0.05). Conclusion: Along with data about lower limb muscle length of asymptomatic individuals, we conclude notable difference in dominant to non-dominant extremities muscle length in individuals eighteen to twenty five year.

scholarly journals A Review on Impact of Lower Extremity Muscle Length

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Anushree Pawar ◽  
Pratik Phansopkar ◽  
Avanti Gachake ◽  
Komal Mandhane ◽  
Riddhi Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Surgical Decision ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recovery Program

Muscle length is known as the length at which muscle is able to generate the maximum amount of force. This length is determined by the joint angle corresponding to that muscle. Length of muscle is an important parameter of length-tension relationship. Muscle functions and its mechanics helps in surgical decision making, to establish primary ergonomic advice recommendations and to form a structure of recovery program using the benefits of length-tension relation. Understanding the optimal muscle length as well as its comparison between the extremities is very important as a part of examination in physiotherapy, particularly in the cases of musculoskeletal disorders. Several tests are available for testing the muscle length. However standardize and reliable tests are been chosen to prevent the error while testing as such  measurement of hamstring, iliopsoas, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius length is been acquired through standard goniometer. The methods used for the assessment comprised of; active knee extension (AKE) tests the hamstrings, Thomas and modified Thomas test to evaluate iliopsoas and rectus femoris while prone, figure-four position accompanied by dorsiflexion for gastrocnemius. Many studies have done and their results had shown that there was difference in the lengths of muscle of lower extremity which was assessed in different players along with that normative data about the length of muscle was established. However there is paucity of study on the muscle length testing of individuals who are completely normal who are not having previous history of trauma to their lower limbs and those who are not an athlete.

scholarly journals Effects of Knee Injury Length on Jump Inside Kick Performances of Wushu Player

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1166
Author(s):  
Jun-Youl Cha ◽  
Ha-Sung Lee ◽  
Sihwa Park ◽  
Yong-Seok Jee
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Kinetic Measurements

Background and Objectives: When performing the jump inside kick in Wushu, it is important to understand the rotation technique while in mid-air. This is because the score varies according to the mid-air rotation, and when landing after the mid-air rotation, it causes considerable injury to the knee. This study aimed to compare the differences in kinematic and kinetic variables between experienced and less experienced knee injuries in the Wushu players who perform 360°, 540°, and 720° jump inside kicks in self-taolu. Materials and Methods: The participants’ mean (SD) age was 26.12 (2.84) years old. All of them had suffered knee injuries and were all recovering and returning to training. The group was classified into a group with less than 20 months of injury experience (LESS IG, n = 6) and a group with more than 20 months of injury experience (MORE IG, n = 6). For kinematic measurements, jump inside kicks at three rotations were assessed by using high-speed cameras. For kinetic measurements, the contraction time and maximal displacement of tensiomyography were assessed in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior. The peak torque, work per repetition, fatigue index, and total work of isokinetic moments were assessed using knee extension/flexion, ankle inversion/eversion, and ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion tests. Results: Although there was no difference at the low difficulty level (360°), there were significant differences at the higher difficulty levels (540° and 720°) between the LESS IG and the MORE IG. For distance and time, the LESS IG had a shorter jump distance, but a faster rotation time compared to those in the MORE IG. Due to the characteristics of the jump inside kick’s rotation to the left, the static and dynamic muscle contractility properties were mainly found to be higher in the left lower extremity than in the right lower extremity, and higher in the LESS IG than in the MORE IG. In addition, this study observed that the ankle plantarflexor in the LESS IG was significantly higher than that in the MORE IG. Conclusion: To become a world-class self-taolu athlete while avoiding knee injuries, it is necessary to develop the static and dynamic myofunctions of the lower extremities required for jumping. Moreover, it is considered desirable to train by focusing on the vertical height and the amount of rotation during jumping.

Outcome of muscle injuries in youth football

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Muscle Injuries ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Injury Score

Background: Muscle injuries are the most common injury in soccer and account for almost 30 percent of all time-loss injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the muscle length as a risk factor to sustain a muscle injury and to grade and monitore muscle injuries during the rehabilitation. Methods: 110 young male football players of 5 soccer teams (U15, U16, U17, U18 and U21) with (age 16,8 (14,3–21) years, height 174,5 (146,1–190,0) cm, weight 65,7 (35,5–84,6) kg) were monitored for 12 months in a prospective cohort study. Initially, muscle length in all players were measured. Every muscle injury was documented and monitored in a standardized protocol and graded clinically based on the Muscle-­Injury-Score. Results: 53 muscle injuries accounted for a total of 949 missed trainings and 179 missed matches, averaging in missing 18 trainings and 3,4 matches per injury. In 191 trainings (88,4%) and in 36 matches (81,9%) one player per team was missing because of a muscle injury. Injuries of the rectus femoris muscle were leading to the longest time-loss (39,3 days). There was no statistical significance in muscle length between the injured and the not injured players. The Muscle-Injury-Score correlated clinically relevant and statistically significant with the severity of the injury (r2=0,54, p<0,001). Per point in the Muscle-Injury Score, the rehabilitation of a muscle injury took 5,8 days. Conclusion: Also in young football players, muscle injuries are responsible for long time-losses. In this study, muscle length was not a risk factor for muscle injuries. The muscle-injury score allowed grading of muscle injuries and prediction of the time-loss.

scholarly journals Drop-Set Training Elicits Differential Increases in Non-Uniform Hypertrophy of the Quadriceps in Leg Extension Exercise

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Dorian Varović ◽  
Kristian Žganjer ◽  
Saša Vuk ◽  
Brad J. Schoenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Traditional Training ◽  
Traditional Manner

The study aimed to compare the effects of drop set resistance training (RT) versus traditional RT on markers of maximal muscle strength and regional hypertrophy of the quadriceps femoris. Sixteen recreationally active young men had one leg randomly assigned to the drop-set method (DS) and the other to training in a traditional manner (TRAD). Participants performed unilateral seated leg extensions using a periodized approach for eight weeks. Rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness (MT), estimated one repetition maximum (RM) in the unilateral knee extension, and peak and average isokinetic knee extension torque at 60°/s angular velocity were measured pre- and post-study. Both conditions increased muscle thickness of the RF and VL from pre- to post-intervention. DS showed statistically greater increases in the RF at 30% and 50% of muscle length, whereas no MT differences were detected at 70% muscle length nor at any aspect of the VL. Both DS and TRAD increased estimated one RM from pre- to post-study (+34.6% versus +32.0%, respectively) with no between-condition differences noted. Both conditions showed similar increases in peak torque (DS: +21.7%; TRAD: +22.5%) and average torque (DS: +23.6%; TRAD: +22.5%) from pre- to post-study. Our findings indicate a potential benefit of the drop-set method for inducing non-uniform hypertrophic gains in the RF muscle pursuant to leg extension training. The strategy did not promote an advantage in improving hypertrophy of the VL, nor in strength-related measures, compared to traditional training.

Changes in muscle activities and kinematics due to simulated leg length inequalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Lena Siebers ◽  
Jörg Eschweiler ◽  
Filippo Migliorini ◽  
Valentin Michael Quack ◽  
Markus Tingart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
Lateral Flexion ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
Musculoskeletal Problems

Abstract Muscle imbalances are a leading cause of musculoskeletal problems. One example are leg length inequalities (LLIs). This study aimed to analyze the effect of different (simulated) LLIs on back and leg muscles in combination with kinematic compensation mechanics. Therefore, 20 healthy volunteers were analyzed during walking with artificial LLIs (0–4 cm). The effect of different amounts of LLIs and significant differences to the reference condition without LLI were calculated of maximal joint angles, mean muscle activity, and its symmetry index. While walking, LLIs led to higher muscle activity and asymmetry of back muscles, by increased lumbar lateral flexion and pelvic obliquity. The rectus femoris showed higher values, independent of the amount of LLI, whereas the activity of the gastrocnemius on the shorter leg increased. The hip and knee flexion of the long leg increased significantly with increasing LLIs, like the knee extension and the ankle plantarflexion of the shorter leg. The described compensation mechanisms are explained by a dynamic lengthening of the short and shortening of the longer leg, which is associated with increased and asymmetrical muscle activity. Presenting this overview is important for a better understanding of the effects of LLIs to improve diagnostic and therapy in the future.

scholarly journals Passive knee exoskeletons in functional tasks: Biomechanical effects of a SpringExo coil-spring on squats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rand Hidayah ◽  
Dongbao Sui ◽  
Kennedi A. Wade ◽  
Biing-Chwen Chang ◽  
Sunil Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Coil Spring ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Muscle Activations

Abstract Passive wearable exoskeletons are desirable as they can provide assistance during user movements while still maintaining a simple and low-profile design. These can be useful in industrial tasks where an ergonomic device could aid in load lifting without inconveniencing them and reducing fatigue and stress in the lower limbs. The SpringExo is a coil-spring design that aids in knee extension. In this paper, we describe the muscle activation of the knee flexors and extensors from seven healthy participants during repeated squats. The outcome measures are the timings of the key events during squat, flexion angle, muscle activation of rectus femoris and bicep femoris, and foot pressure characteristics of the participants. These outcome measures assess the possible effects of the device during lifting operations where reduced effort in the muscles is desired during ascent phase of the squat, without changing the knee and foot kinematics. The results show that the SpringExo significantly decreased rectus femoris activation during ascent (−2%) without significantly affecting either the bicep femoris or rectus femoris muscle activations in descent. This implies that the user could perform a descent without added effort and ascent with reduced effort. The exoskeleton showed other effects on the biomechanics of the user, increasing average squat time (+0.02 s) and maximum squat time (+0.1 s), and decreasing average knee flexion angle (−4°). The exoskeleton has no effect on foot loading or placement, that is, the user did not have to revise their stance while using the device.

Lower-Extremity Muscle Activity During Aquatic and Land Treadmill Running at the Same Speeds

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Matthew Silvers ◽  
Eadric Bressel ◽  
D. Clark Dickin ◽  
Garry Killgore ◽  
Dennis G. Dolny
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Vastus Medialis ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle

Context:Muscle activation during aquatic treadmill (ATM) running has not been examined, despite similar investigations for other modes of aquatic locomotion and increased interest in ATM running.Objectives:The objectives of this study were to compare normalized (percentage of maximal voluntary contraction; %MVC), absolute duration (aDUR), and total (tACT) lower-extremity muscle activity during land treadmill (TM) and ATM running at the same speeds.Design:Exploratory, quasi-experimental, crossover design.Setting:Athletic training facility.Participants:12 healthy recreational runners (age = 25.8 ± 5 y, height = 178.4 ± 8.2 cm, mass = 71.5 ± 11.5 kg, running experience = 8.2 ± 5.3 y) volunteered for participation.Intervention:All participants performed TM and ATM running at 174.4, 201.2, and 228.0 m/min while surface electromyographic data were collected from the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and biceps femoris.Main Outcome Measures:For each muscle, a 2 × 3 repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the main effects and environment–speed interaction (P ≤ .05) of each dependent variable: %MVC, aDUR, and tACT.Results:Compared with TM, ATM elicited significantly reduced %MVC (−44.0%) but increased aDUR (+213.1%) and tACT (+41.9%) in the vastus medialis, increased %MVC (+48.7%) and aDUR (+128.1%) in the rectus femoris during swing phase, reduced %MVC (−26.9%) and tACT (−40.1%) in the gastrocnemius, increased aDUR (+33.1%) and tACT (+35.7%) in the tibialis anterior, and increased aDUR (+41.3%) and tACT (+29.2%) in the biceps femoris. At faster running speeds, there were significant increases in tibialis anterior %MVC (+8.6−15.2%) and tACT (+12.7−17.0%) and rectus femoris %MVC (12.1−26.6%; swing phase).Conclusion:No significant environment–speed interaction effects suggested that observed muscle-activity differences between ATM and TM were due to environmental variation, ie, buoyancy (presumed to decrease %MVC) and drag forces (presumed to increase aDUR and tACT) in the water.

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