Effects of Knee Injury Length on Jump Inside Kick Performances of Wushu Player

Background and Objectives: When performing the jump inside kick in Wushu, it is important to understand the rotation technique while in mid-air. This is because the score varies according to the mid-air rotation, and when landing after the mid-air rotation, it causes considerable injury to the knee. This study aimed to compare the differences in kinematic and kinetic variables between experienced and less experienced knee injuries in the Wushu players who perform 360°, 540°, and 720° jump inside kicks in self-taolu. Materials and Methods: The participants’ mean (SD) age was 26.12 (2.84) years old. All of them had suffered knee injuries and were all recovering and returning to training. The group was classified into a group with less than 20 months of injury experience (LESS IG, n = 6) and a group with more than 20 months of injury experience (MORE IG, n = 6). For kinematic measurements, jump inside kicks at three rotations were assessed by using high-speed cameras. For kinetic measurements, the contraction time and maximal displacement of tensiomyography were assessed in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior. The peak torque, work per repetition, fatigue index, and total work of isokinetic moments were assessed using knee extension/flexion, ankle inversion/eversion, and ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion tests. Results: Although there was no difference at the low difficulty level (360°), there were significant differences at the higher difficulty levels (540° and 720°) between the LESS IG and the MORE IG. For distance and time, the LESS IG had a shorter jump distance, but a faster rotation time compared to those in the MORE IG. Due to the characteristics of the jump inside kick’s rotation to the left, the static and dynamic muscle contractility properties were mainly found to be higher in the left lower extremity than in the right lower extremity, and higher in the LESS IG than in the MORE IG. In addition, this study observed that the ankle plantarflexor in the LESS IG was significantly higher than that in the MORE IG. Conclusion: To become a world-class self-taolu athlete while avoiding knee injuries, it is necessary to develop the static and dynamic myofunctions of the lower extremities required for jumping. Moreover, it is considered desirable to train by focusing on the vertical height and the amount of rotation during jumping.

Download Full-text

Muscle coordination in cycling: effect of surface incline and posture

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.927 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 927-934 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Li Li ◽

Graham E. Caldwell

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

High Speed ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Gluteus Maximus ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Knee Extensors ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Muscle Coordination

The purpose of the present study was to examine the neuromuscular modifications of cyclists to changes in grade and posture. Eight subjects were tested on a computerized ergometer under three conditions with the same work rate (250 W): pedaling on the level while seated, 8% uphill while seated, and 8% uphill while standing (ST). High-speed video was taken in conjunction with surface electromyography (EMG) of six lower extremity muscles. Results showed that rectus femoris, gluteus maximus (GM), and tibialis anterior had greater EMG magnitude in the ST condition. GM, rectus femoris, and the vastus lateralis demonstrated activity over a greater portion of the crank cycle in the ST condition. The muscle activities of gastrocnemius and biceps femoris did not exhibit profound differences among conditions. Overall, the change of cycling grade alone from 0 to 8% did not induce a significant change in neuromuscular coordination. However, the postural change from seated to ST pedaling at 8% uphill grade was accompanied by increased and/or prolonged muscle activity of hip and knee extensors. The observed EMG activity patterns were discussed with respect to lower extremity joint moments. Monoarticular extensor muscles (GM, vastus lateralis) demonstrated greater modifications in activity patterns with the change in posture compared with their biarticular counterparts. Furthermore, muscle coordination among antagonist pairs of mono- and biarticular muscles was altered in the ST condition; this finding provides support for the notion that muscles within these antagonist pairs have different functions.

Download Full-text

Can Hip Joint Position affect Quadriceps Muscle Responses during Knee Extension Exercise?

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1179-8374 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (13) ◽

pp. 929-935

Author(s):

Denis César Leite Vieira ◽

Marco Aurélio Araujo Dourado ◽

Lucas Ugliara ◽

Joao Luiz Quagliotti Durigan ◽

Brad J. Schoenfeld ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Muscle Thickness ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Quadriceps Muscle ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Knee Extensors ◽

Work Output ◽

Before And After ◽

Knee Extension Exercise

AbstractThis study investigated the acute effects of seated and supine knee extension exercise on muscle swelling, torque, and work output. Twelve resistance-trained men performed two isokinetic concentric-only knee-extension training protocols at different hip positions in a counter-balanced order. They completed the knee extension exercise in the seated (hip angle at 85°) and supine (hip angle at 180°) positions. The torque and work output were assessed during each set. Moreover, muscle thickness of the middle and proximal vastus lateralis and rectus femoris were evaluated before and after each protocol and used as an indicator of muscle swelling. Middle rectus femoris and proximal vastus lateralis thickness increased significantly (p=0.01) with no difference between exercise variations. However, the middle vastus lateralis thickness increased (p=0.01) only after the seated knee extension exercise (~7%). Knee extensors’ peak torque and work output were approximately 8% higher (p=0.04) in the seated when compared to the supine hip position. There was a similar decrease in torque and work output throughout both protocols (p=0.98). In conclusion, seated knee extension exercises produced greater torque, work output, and muscle swelling in the vastus lateralis when compared to the supine knee extension exercise.

Download Full-text

Characterization of kinesiological patterns of the frontal kick, mae-geri, in karate experts and non-karate practitioners

Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas ◽

10.18002/rama.v9i1.1163 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

António M. VencesBrito ◽

Marco A. Colaço Branco ◽

Renato M. Cordeiro Fernandes ◽

Mário A. Rodrigues Ferreira ◽

Orlando J. S. M. Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activity ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Plantar Flexion ◽

Neuromuscular Control ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Ballistic Performance ◽

The Impact

Presently, coaches and researchers need to have a better comprehension of the kinesiological parameters that should be an important tool to support teaching methodologies and to improve skills performance in sports. The aim of this study was to (i) identify the kinematic and neuromuscular control patterns of the front kick (mae-geri) to a fixed target performed by 14 experienced karate practitioners, and (ii) compare it with the execution of 16 participants without any karate experience, allowing the use of those references in the analysis of the training and learning process. Results showed that the kinematic and neuromuscular activity during the kick performance occurs within 600 ms. Muscle activity and kinematic analysis demonstrated a sequence of activation bracing a proximal-to-distal direction, with the muscles presenting two distinct periods of activity (1, 2), where the karateka group has a greater intensity of activation – root mean square (RMS) and electromyography (EMG) peak – in the first period on Rectus Femoris (RF1) and Vastus Lateralis (VL1) and a lower duration of co-contraction in both periods on Rectus Femoris-Biceps Femoris and Vastus Lateralis-Biceps Femoris (RF-BF; VL-BF). In the skill performance, the hip flexion, the knee extension and the ankle plantar flexion movements were executed with smaller difference in the range of action (ROA) in the karateka group, reflecting different positions of the segments. In conclusion, it was observed a general kinesiological pattern, which was similar in karateka and non-karateka practitioners. However, in the karateka group, the training induces a specialization in the muscle activity reflected in EMG and kinematic data, which leads to a better ballistic performance in the execution of the mae-geri kick, associated with a maximum speed of the distal segments, reached closer to the impact moment, possibly representing more power in the contact.

Download Full-text

Altering muscle activity in the lower extremities by bipedal landing with different drop tasks and shoes

Isokinetics and Exercise Science ◽

10.3233/ies-210212 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Yang Yang ◽

Changxiao Yu ◽

Chenhao Yang ◽

Liqin Deng ◽

Weijie Fu

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Movement Control ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

The Body ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Lower Extremity Muscle ◽

Body Tissues

BACKGROUND: The ability of the lower-extremity muscle activation directly affects the performance and in turn interacts with the loading conditions of the muscle itself. However, systematic information concerning the characteristics of lower-extremity muscle during landings is lacking. In particular, the landing height and shoes are also important factors based on the actual situation, which could further contribute to understanding the neuromuscular activity and how biochemical response of the body tissues to double-leg drop landings. OBJECTIVE: The study was to investigate the effects of landing tasks on the activation of lower-extremity muscles and explore the relationship among movement control, landing heights, shoe cushioning, and muscle activities. METHODS: Twelve male basketball players were recruited to perform drop jump (DJ) and passive landing (PL) from three heights (30, 45, and 60 cm) while wearing highly-cushioned basketball shoes (HC) and less-cushioned control shoes (LC). EMG electrodes were used to record the activities of the target muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and lateral gastrocnemius) during the landing tasks. RESULTS: Pre- and post-activation activity of the lower-extremity muscles significantly decreased during PL compared with those during DJ (p< 0.05). No significant shoe effects on the characteristics of muscle activation and coactivation during DJ movements were observed. However, the participants wearing LC showed significantly higher muscle post-activation (p< 0.05) at the three drop heights during PL compared with those wearing HC. Coactivation of the ankle muscles was higher in LC than in HC during 30-cm PL (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The activation patterns of lower-extremity muscles can be significantly influenced by landing types. Highly-cushioned basketball shoes would help reduce the risk of injuries by appropriately tuning the muscles during the PL.

Download Full-text

Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. II. Hindlimb muscle synergies

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.756 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 756-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

J. A. Buford ◽

J. L. Smith

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Step Cycle ◽

Cine Film ◽

Hip Flexion

1. To compare the basic hindlimb synergies for backward (BWD) and forward (FWD) walking, electromyograms (EMG) were recorded from selected flexor and extensor muscles of the hip, knee, and ankle joints from four cats trained to perform both forms of walking at a moderate walking speed (0.6 m/s). For each muscle, EMG measurements included burst duration, burst latencies referenced to the time of paw contact or paw off, and integrated burst amplitudes. To relate patterns of muscle activity to various phases of the step cycle, EMG records were synchronized with kinematic data obtained by digitizing high-speed cine film. 2. Hindlimb EMG data indicate that BWD walking in the cat was characterized by reciprocal flexor and extensor synergies similar to those for FWD walking, with flexors active during swing and extensors active during stance. Although the underlying synergies were similar, temporal parameters (burst latencies and durations) and amplitude levels for specific muscles were different for BWD and FWD walking. 3. For both directions, iliopsoas (IP) and semitendinosus (ST) were active as the hip and knee joints flexed at the onset of swing. For BWD walking, IP activity decreased early, and ST activity continued as the hip extended and the knee flexed. For FWD walking, in contrast, ST activity ceased early, and IP activity continued as the hip flexed and the knee extended. For both directions, tibialis anterior (TA) was active throughout swing as the ankle flexed and then extended. A second ST burst occurred at the end of swing for FWD walking as hip flexion and knee extension slowed for paw contact. 4. For both directions, knee extensor (vastus lateralis, VL) activity began at paw contact. Ankle extensor (lateral gastrocnemius, LG) activity began during midswing for BWD walking but just before paw contact for FWD walking. At the ankle joint, flexion during the E2 phase (yield) of stance was minimal or absent for BWD walking, and ankle extension during BWD stance was accompanied by a ramp increase in LG-EMG activity. At the knee joint, the yield was also small (or absent) for BWD walking, and increased VL-EMG amplitudes were associated with the increased range of knee extension for BWD stance. 5. Although the uniarticular hip extensor (anterior biceps femoris, ABF) was active during stance for both directions, the hip flexed during BWD stance and extended during FWD stance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Download Full-text

Electromyographic Comparison of Five Lower-Limb Muscles between Single- and Multi-Joint Exercises among Trained Men

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine ◽

10.52082/jssm.2021.56 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 56-61

Author(s):

Nicolay Stien ◽

Atle Hole Saeterbakken ◽

Vidar Andersen

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Gluteus Maximus ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Knee Extensors ◽

Vastus Medialis ◽

Leg Press ◽

Emg Amplitude

Resistance-training exercises can be classified as either single- or multi-joint exercises and differences in surface electromyography (EMG) amplitude between the two training methods may identify which muscles can benefit from either training modality. This study aimed to compare the surface EMG amplitude of five hip- and knee extensors during one multi-joint (leg press) and two single-joint exercises (knee extension and kickback). Fifteen resistance-trained men completed one familiarization session to determine their unilateral six repetitions maximum (6RM) in the three exercises. During the following experimental session, EMG amplitudes of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus and biceps femoris of the left leg were measured while performing three repetitions on their respective 6RM loads. The multi-joint exercise leg press produced higher EMG amplitude of the vastus lateralis (ES = 0.92, p = 0.003) than the single-joint exercise knee extension, whereas the rectus femoris demonstrated higher EMG amplitude during the knee extension (ES = 0.93, p = 0.005). The biceps femoris EMG amplitude was higher during the single-joint exercise kickback compared to the leg press (ES = 2.27, p < 0.001), while no significant differences in gluteus maximus (ES = 0.08, p = 0.898) or vastus medialis (ES = 0.056, p = 0.025 were observed between exercises. The difference in EMG amplitude between single- and multi-joint exercises appears to vary depending on the specific exercises and the muscle groups tested. Leg press is a viable and time-efficient option for targeting several hip- and knee extensors during resistance training of the lower limbs, but the single-joint exercises may be preferable for targeting the rectus femoris and biceps femoris.

Download Full-text

Drop-Set Training Elicits Differential Increases in Non-Uniform Hypertrophy of the Quadriceps in Leg Extension Exercise

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports9090119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Dorian Varović ◽

Kristian Žganjer ◽

Saša Vuk ◽

Brad J. Schoenfeld

Keyword(s):

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Muscle Length ◽

Muscle Thickness ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Leg Extension ◽

Traditional Training ◽

Traditional Manner

The study aimed to compare the effects of drop set resistance training (RT) versus traditional RT on markers of maximal muscle strength and regional hypertrophy of the quadriceps femoris. Sixteen recreationally active young men had one leg randomly assigned to the drop-set method (DS) and the other to training in a traditional manner (TRAD). Participants performed unilateral seated leg extensions using a periodized approach for eight weeks. Rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness (MT), estimated one repetition maximum (RM) in the unilateral knee extension, and peak and average isokinetic knee extension torque at 60°/s angular velocity were measured pre- and post-study. Both conditions increased muscle thickness of the RF and VL from pre- to post-intervention. DS showed statistically greater increases in the RF at 30% and 50% of muscle length, whereas no MT differences were detected at 70% muscle length nor at any aspect of the VL. Both DS and TRAD increased estimated one RM from pre- to post-study (+34.6% versus +32.0%, respectively) with no between-condition differences noted. Both conditions showed similar increases in peak torque (DS: +21.7%; TRAD: +22.5%) and average torque (DS: +23.6%; TRAD: +22.5%) from pre- to post-study. Our findings indicate a potential benefit of the drop-set method for inducing non-uniform hypertrophic gains in the RF muscle pursuant to leg extension training. The strategy did not promote an advantage in improving hypertrophy of the VL, nor in strength-related measures, compared to traditional training.

Download Full-text

Lower-Extremity Muscle Activity During Aquatic and Land Treadmill Running at the Same Speeds

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2013-0003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 107-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. Matthew Silvers ◽

Eadric Bressel ◽

D. Clark Dickin ◽

Garry Killgore ◽

Dennis G. Dolny

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Tibialis Anterior ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Swing Phase ◽

Treadmill Running ◽

Vastus Medialis ◽

Lower Extremity Muscle

Context:Muscle activation during aquatic treadmill (ATM) running has not been examined, despite similar investigations for other modes of aquatic locomotion and increased interest in ATM running.Objectives:The objectives of this study were to compare normalized (percentage of maximal voluntary contraction; %MVC), absolute duration (aDUR), and total (tACT) lower-extremity muscle activity during land treadmill (TM) and ATM running at the same speeds.Design:Exploratory, quasi-experimental, crossover design.Setting:Athletic training facility.Participants:12 healthy recreational runners (age = 25.8 ± 5 y, height = 178.4 ± 8.2 cm, mass = 71.5 ± 11.5 kg, running experience = 8.2 ± 5.3 y) volunteered for participation.Intervention:All participants performed TM and ATM running at 174.4, 201.2, and 228.0 m/min while surface electromyographic data were collected from the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and biceps femoris.Main Outcome Measures:For each muscle, a 2 × 3 repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the main effects and environment–speed interaction (P ≤ .05) of each dependent variable: %MVC, aDUR, and tACT.Results:Compared with TM, ATM elicited significantly reduced %MVC (−44.0%) but increased aDUR (+213.1%) and tACT (+41.9%) in the vastus medialis, increased %MVC (+48.7%) and aDUR (+128.1%) in the rectus femoris during swing phase, reduced %MVC (−26.9%) and tACT (−40.1%) in the gastrocnemius, increased aDUR (+33.1%) and tACT (+35.7%) in the tibialis anterior, and increased aDUR (+41.3%) and tACT (+29.2%) in the biceps femoris. At faster running speeds, there were significant increases in tibialis anterior %MVC (+8.6−15.2%) and tACT (+12.7−17.0%) and rectus femoris %MVC (12.1−26.6%; swing phase).Conclusion:No significant environment–speed interaction effects suggested that observed muscle-activity differences between ATM and TM were due to environmental variation, ie, buoyancy (presumed to decrease %MVC) and drag forces (presumed to increase aDUR and tACT) in the water.

Download Full-text

Regional and muscle-specific adaptations in knee extensor hypertrophy using flywheel versus conventional weight-stack resistance exercise

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2018-0774 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

pp. 827-833 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tommy R. Lundberg ◽

Maria T. García-Gutiérrez ◽

Mirko Mandić ◽

Mats Lilja ◽

Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Muscle Hypertrophy ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Knee Extensors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Proximal Site ◽

Before And After

This study compared the effects of the most frequently employed protocols of flywheel (FW) versus weight-stack (WS) resistance exercise (RE) on regional and muscle-specific adaptations of the knee extensors. Sixteen men (n = 8) and women (n = 8) performed 8 weeks (2–3 days/week) of knee extension RE employing FW technology on 1 leg (4 × 7 repetitions), while the contralateral leg performed regular WS training (4 × 8–12 repetitions). Maximal strength (1-repetition maximum (1RM) in WS) and peak FW power were determined before and after training for both legs. Partial muscle volume of vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), vastus intermedius (VI), and rectus femoris (RF) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, quadriceps cross-sectional area was assessed at a proximal and a distal site. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between FW versus WS in muscle hypertrophy of the quadriceps femoris (8% vs. 9%), VL (10% vs. 11%), VM (6% vs. 8%), VI (5% vs. 5%), or RF (17% vs. 17%). Muscle hypertrophy tended (P = 0.09) to be greater at the distal compared with the proximal site, but there was no interaction with exercise method. Increases in 1RM and FW peak power were similar across legs, yet the increase in 1RM was greater in men (31%) than in women (20%). These findings suggest that FW and WS training induces comparable muscle-specific hypertrophy of the knee extensors. Given that these robust muscular adaptations were brought about with markedly fewer repetitions in the FW compared with WS, it seems FW training can be recommended as a particularly time-efficient exercise paradigm.

Download Full-text

Effect of hormonal growth promotants on palatability and carcass traits of various muscles from steer and heifer carcasses from a Bos indicus - Bos taurus composite cross

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea05112 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 48 (11) ◽

pp. 1415 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R. Watson ◽

R. Polkinghorne ◽

A. Gee ◽

M. Porter ◽

J. M. Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bos Taurus ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Carcass Traits ◽

Bos Indicus ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Cooking Methods ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

The Mean ◽

Psoas Major

The effect of several different hormonal growth promotant (HGP) implant strategies on the palatability and carcass traits of different muscles in beef carcasses was investigated using samples from heifer and steer carcasses from a Bos indicus composite breed. In experiment 1, there were seven different implant strategies evaluated in heifers that were given different combinations of up to three implants (implanted at weaning, during backgrounding and at feedlot entry). A total of 112 heifers were slaughtered and 11 muscles or portions were collected from both sides [Mm. adductor femoris, gracilus, semimembranosus, longissimus dorsi lumborum, triceps brachii caput longum, semispinalis capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, spinalis dorsi, biceps femoris (syn. gluteobiceps), tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius (both the ‘D’ and the ‘eye’ portions) rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis]. These muscles were used to prepare a total of 1030 sensory samples which were aged for either 7 or 21 days and frozen. Thawed samples were cooked using different cooking methods (grill, roast and stir frying) before being evaluated by a consumer taste panel that scored samples for tenderness, juiciness, like flavour and overall liking. Experiment 2 used the steer portion from the same calving, which were treated to a similar array of HGP strategies, except that they were given up to four implants between weaning and slaughter at ~3 years of age. In experiment 2, there was a total of 12 different HGP implant strategies tested. At boning, three muscles (Mm. psoas major, longisimuss dorsi thoracis and lumborum portions) were collected from each of 79 carcasses with a total of 237 steak samples that consumers tested as grilled steaks. For both experiments, the mean of the HGP implant strategies resulted in increased ossification scores (P < 0.05) and decreased marbling scores (P < 0.05) compared with the controls, with the effect on ossification being much larger in the older steer groups. In both experiments, the different HGP strategies decreased (P < 0.05) all sensory scores compared with the controls, for all cooking method and muscle combinations. In experiment 1, there was no interaction between the mean HGP effect and muscle (P > 0.05), and aging rates differed among the muscles (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, there was a significant (P < 0.05) muscle × HGP treatment interaction, with a decrease in tenderness score due to HGP implant strategies in the M. longisimuss thoracis and lumborum portions, compared with no significant effect in the M. psoas major. For both experiments, there were no significant differences among the different implantation strategies on sensory scores (P > 0.05).

Download Full-text