Pod Characteristics of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Related to Cocoa Pod Borer Resistance (Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.)

AbstractThe characteristics of pod related to cocoa pod borer resistance (CPB, Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.) had been identified in a series study. This research has objective to evaluate performance of the characteristics using more diverse of genetic background to select criteria for selection. Genetic materials for this study were 25 cocoa clones which be planted in Central Sulawesi for resistant evaluation. Field evaluation of the resistance were assessed using the variable of the percentage of unextractable bean, number of entry and exit hole larvae by which the clones were grouped into 5 groups of resistance. A laboratory works were carried out to assess pod characteristics based on the number of trichome, granule of tannin and thickness the lignified-tissue of sclerotic layer using micro-technique method at the different level of pod maturity (3.0; 3.5; 4.0 months). Correlation between groups of those variables was analyzed using Canonical Correlation. The analysis performed a positive association between the thickness of sclerotic layer at the secondary furrow with the number of entry holes and the number of entry holes through sclerotic layer. The thickness performed a higher value of the coefficient in association with the variables of canonical for pod characteristics (0.59; 0.55; 0.43) and the variables of canonical for CPB resistance (0.54; 0.51; 0.39) that would presenting the characteristics of pod related to CPB resistance. Lignification at sclerotic layer was considered as genotypic expressions due to the thickness at the secondary furrow at 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 months of pod maturity performed high value of broad-sense heritability i.e. 0.75, 0.89 and 0.92 respectively. A qualitative assessment of the lignification clearly differentiate the resistant clones (ARDACIAR 10) with the susceptible clones (ICCRI 04, KW 516 and KW 564).Key words : cocoa pod borer, Theobroma cacao L., pod characteristics, resistance

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Impact of Long Dry Season on Bean Characteristics of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora)

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v24i1.91 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ucu Sumirat

Keyword(s):

Positive Association ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Coffea Canephora ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Entry And Exit ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Central Sulawesi ◽

Series Study ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Criteria For Selection

AbstractThe characteristics of pod related to cocoa pod borer resistance (CPB, Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.) had been identified in a series study. This research has objective to evaluate performance of the characteristics using more diverse of genetic background to select criteria for selection. Genetic materials for this study were 25 cocoa clones which be planted in Central Sulawesi for resistant evaluation. Field evaluation of the resistance were assessed using the variable of the percentage of unextractable bean, number of entry and exit hole larvae by which the clones were grouped into 5 groups of resistance. A laboratory works were carried out to assess pod characteristics based on the number of trichome, granule of tannin and thickness the lignified-tissue of sclerotic layer using micro-technique method at the different level of pod maturity (3.0; 3.5; 4.0 months). Correlation between groups of those variables was analyzed using Canonical Correlation. The analysis performed a positive association between the thickness of sclerotic layer at the secondary furrow with the number of entry holes and the number of entry holes through sclerotic layer. The thickness performed a higher value of the coefficient in association with the variables of canonical for pod characteristics (0.59; 0.55; 0.43) and the variables of canonical for CPB resistance (0.54; 0.51; 0.39) that would presenting the characteristics of pod related to CPB resistance. Lignification at sclerotic layer was considered as genotypic expressions due to the thickness at the secondary furrow at 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 months of pod maturity performed high value of broad-sense heritability i.e. 0.75, 0.89 and 0.92 respectively. A qualitative assessment of the lignification clearly differentiate the resistant clones (ARDACIAR 10) with the susceptible clones (ICCRI 04, KW 516 and KW 564).Key words : cocoa pod borer, Theobroma cacao L., pod characteristics, resistance

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Granules Composed of Cocoa Pod Husk Enriched with Minerals and Their Effects on Growth of Coffee and Cocoa Seedlings

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v25i3.112 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Pujiyanto Pujiyanto

Keyword(s):

Positive Association ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Cocoa Pod Husk ◽

Central Sulawesi ◽

Series Study ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Cocoa Seedlings ◽

Criteria For Selection

AbstractThe characteristics of pod related to cocoa pod borer resistance (CPB, Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.) had been identified in a series study. This research has objective to evaluate performance of the characteristics using more diverse of genetic background to select criteria for selection. Genetic materials for this study were 25 cocoa clones which be planted in Central Sulawesi for resistant evaluation. Field evaluation of the resistance were assessed using the variable of the percentage of unextractable bean, number of entry and exit hole larvae by which the clones were grouped into 5 groups of resistance. A laboratory works were carried out to assess pod characteristics based on the number of trichome, granule of tannin and thickness the lignified-tissue of sclerotic layer using micro-technique method at the different level of pod maturity (3.0; 3.5; 4.0 months). Correlation between groups of those variables was analyzed using Canonical Correlation. The analysis performed a positive association between the thickness of sclerotic layer at the secondary furrow with the number of entry holes and the number of entry holes through sclerotic layer. The thickness performed a higher value of the coefficient in association with the variables of canonical for pod characteristics (0.59; 0.55; 0.43) and the variables of canonical for CPB resistance (0.54; 0.51; 0.39) that would presenting the characteristics of pod related to CPB resistance. Lignification at sclerotic layer was considered as genotypic expressions due to the thickness at the secondary furrow at 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 months of pod maturity performed high value of broad-sense heritability i.e. 0.75, 0.89 and 0.92 respectively. A qualitative assessment of the lignification clearly differentiate the resistant clones (ARDACIAR 10) with the susceptible clones (ICCRI 04, KW 516 and KW 564).Key words : cocoa pod borer, Theobroma cacao L., pod characteristics, resistance

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Diversity of chloroplast genome among local clones of cocoa (Theobroma cacao, L.) from Central Sulawesi

10.1063/1.4975941 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

I. Nengah Suwastika ◽

Nurul Aisyah Pakawaru ◽

Rifka ◽

Rahmansyah ◽

Muslimin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chloroplast Genome ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Central Sulawesi ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

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KERAGAAN TANAMAN KAKAO ASAL EMBRIO SOMATIK DI LAPANGAN

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v21n2.2015.57-68 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 57

Author(s):

NUR AJIJAH ◽

ENNY RANDRIANI ◽

RUBIYO RUBIYO ◽

DEWI SUKMA ◽

SUDARSONO SUDARSONO

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Field Performance ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Fruit Borer ◽

Black Pod ◽

Planting Materials ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

ABSTRAKSekitar 75 juta bibit kakao asal embrio somatik (ES) telah ditanam di lapangan. Evaluasi keragaan tanaman tersebut perlu terus dilakukan. Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keragaan tanaman kakao asal ES di lapangan telah dilaksanakan di delapan lokasi di Kabupaten Soppeng, Sulawesi Selatan dan kabupaten Mamuju (Sulawesi Barat) pada bulan Juni 2012 sampai Desember 2013. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap tanaman umur 1,5-4 tahun meliputi tinggi jorget, lingkar batang, jumlah cabang primer, persentase tanaman berbunga, persentase tanaman berbuah, jumlah buah per pohon, jumlah biji per buah, bobot kering biji serta kejadian serangan hama dan penyakit. Tanaman kakao asal ES memiliki arsitektur seperti tanaman yang berasal dari biji, yaitu memiliki pertumbuhan dimorfik dan membentuk jorget. Rataan tinggi jorget bervariasi antar lokasi, sebagian besar berkisar 100 -150 cm. Di lapangan ditemukan tanaman asal ES dengan tinggi jorget > 2 m. Perlu dievaluasi lebih lanjut apakah tinggi jorget > 2 m merupakan bentuk penyimpangan atau hanya pengaruh faktor lingkungan. Pada saat dilakukan pengamatan, tanaman kakao asal ES yang dievaluasi sudah berbunga dan berbuah dengan persentase berbunga 34-100%, berbuah 16-100%, dan dengan hasil buah per pohon 6-37 buah. Bobot buah yang dipanen berkisar 277-418 g dengan rataan jumlah biji per buah 43 biji dan bobot kering per biji 0.5 -1.4 g. Kejadian serangan penggerek buah di 3 lokasi pengamatan mencapai 82, 34.8 dan 49.6%, sedangkan busuk buah 2, 4.3 dan 18%. Studi lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk memastikan bahwa tanaman kakao asal ES mempunyai karakteristik tanaman dan hasil yang tidak berbeda dengan tanaman kakao asal bibit tradisional yang telah biasa digunakan petani.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., bibit ES, perbanyakan masal, pertumbuhan dan komponen hasil, variasi somaklonal Field Performance of Cacao Somatic Embryos Derived PlantsABSTRACTApproximately 75 millions of cacao seedlings propagated through somatic embryogenesis (SE) have been planted in the field. Evaluation of the performance of those SE derived plants needs to be continued. The research aimed to evaluate the performance of the cacao SE derived plants in the field have been implemented in 8 locations in Soppeng district, South Sulawesi and the Mamuju district, West Sulawesi in June 2012 and December 2013. Collected data include: jorquette height, trunk circumference, jorquette branch numbers, flowering and fruiting tree percentages, fruit numbers per tree, pod weight, bean number per pod, bean dry weight and the disease and pest infection rates. Cacao plants derived from SE showed similar plant architectures to those of seed derived ones, such as having dimorphic growth and forming jorquette. The jorquette height of the majority of cacao trees in the evaluated regionsranged from 100-150 cm. A few SE derived cacao trees show jorquette height > 2 m. However, it needs further studies to determine whether they indicate either abnormality or environment effects. The SE derived cacao trees in the studied locations has bear flowers and fruits. The percentages of cacao trees with flowers or fruits at the age of 2.5 years ranged from 34-100% or 16-100%, respectively. The observed pods number per tree was 6-37 pods, the pod weight was 277-418 g, the beans number per pod was 42-43 and the bean dry weight was 0.5 -1.4 g. The incidences of fruit borer infection at the three evaluated locations were 82, 34.8 dan 49.6%, while the incidences of black pod infection were 2, 4.3 dan 18%. To conclude whether the SE derived cacao trees are comparable to those of the traditional cacao planting materials requires more comprehensive studies.Keywords: Theobroma cacao L., SE derived seedling, mass propagation, growth and yield components, somaclonal variation

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Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi on Cocoa Plant (Theobroma cacao L.) and Antagonist Activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1009.049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 419-430

Author(s):

Zaedar A. Rosmana ◽

T. Kuswinanti Nasaruddin

Keyword(s):

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Trichoderma Sp ◽

Cocoa Production ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Central Sulawesi ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

Anthracnose disease which is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungi becomes a resistor factor in cocoa production. Infect on young leaves creates leaf blight, consequently those leaves can die completely or only several parts starting from leaf blade and then fall, but infection at mature leaves spots appear in random border form and leave hole in the same location. Branches with infected leaves will experience die back and look like a broom, in the other side, infection at young fruit turns fruit to be dried and wrinkled while at mature fruits showed dried and rotten tips. This research is aimed at finding potential endophytic fungi from cocoa plant that can resist the growth of pathogenic fungi, C. gloeosporioides which cause anthracnose on cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L). Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi on cocoa plant from Banggai district in Central Sulawesi results showed 10 isolates of endopphytic fungi: 2 isolates from leaves organ isolation; 4 isolates from stem; and 4 isolates from fruit pod. They both identified morphologically and macroscopically and found to have similarity to Trichoderma sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergilus sp that has resistance capability against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides colony through antagonist mechanism marked by the presence of resistance zone. Trichodermasp demonstrated the highest percentage at isolate G in 56,92%.

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