Next-Generation Proteomics Reveals a Greater Antioxidative Response to Drought in Coffea arabica Than in Coffea canephora

Drought is a major threat to coffee, compromising the quality and quantity of its production. We have analyzed the core proteome of 18 Coffea canephora cv. Conilon Clone 153 and C. arabica cv. Icatu plants and assessed their responses to moderate (MWD) and severe (SWD) water deficits. Label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics identified 3000 proteins in both genotypes, but less than 0.8% contributed to ca. 20% of proteome biomass. Proteomic changes were dependent on the severity of drought, being stronger under SWD and with an enrolment of different proteins, functions, and pathways than under MWD. The two genotypes displayed stress-responsive proteins under SWD, but only C. arabica showed a higher abundance of proteins involved in antioxidant detoxification activities. Overall, the impact of MWD was minor in the two genotypes, contrary to previous studies. In contrast, an extensive proteomic response was found under SWD, with C. arabica having a greater potential for acclimation/resilience than C. canephora. This is likely supported by a wider antioxidative response and an ability to repair photosynthetic structures, being crucial to develop new elite genotypes that assure coffee supply under water scarcity levels.

Kaolin Film Increases Gas Exchange Parameters of Coffee Seedlings During Transference From Nursery to Full Sunlight

Increases in water use efficiency (WUE) and the reduction of negative impacts of high temperatures associated with high solar radiation are being achieved with the application of fine particle film of calcined and purified kaolin (KF) on the leaves and fruits of various plant species. KF was applied on young Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora plants before their transition from nursery to full sunlight during autumn and summer. The effects of KF were evaluated through the responses of leaf temperature (Tleaf), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), WUE, crop water stress index (CWSI), index of relative stomatal conductance (Ig), initial fluorescence (F0), and photosynthetic index (PI) in the first 2–3 weeks after the plant transitions to the full sun. All measurements were performed at midday. In Coffea plants, KF decreased the Tleaf up to 6.7°C/5.6°C and reduced the CWSI. The plants that were not protected with KF showed lower A, gs, E, and Ig than those protected with KF. C. canephora plants protected with KF achieved higher WUE compared with those not protected by 11.23% in autumn and 95.58% in summer. In both Coffea sp., KF application reduced F0, indicating reduced physical dissociation of the PSII reaction centers from the light-harvesting system, which was supported with increased PI. The use of KF can be recommended as a management strategy in the transition of Coffea seedlings from the nursery shade to the full sunlight, to protect leaves against the excessive solar radiation and high temperatures, especially in C. canephora during the summer.

A High-Density Genetic Map Enables Genome Synteny and QTL Mapping of Vegetative Growth and Leaf Traits in Gardenia

The gardenia is a traditional medicinal horticultural plant in China, but its molecular genetic research has been largely hysteretic. Here, we constructed an F1 population with 200 true hybrid individuals. Using the genotyping-by-sequencing method, a high-density sex-average genetic map was generated that contained 4,249 SNPs with a total length of 1956.28 cM and an average genetic distance of 0.46 cM. We developed 17 SNP-based Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR markers and found that 15 SNPs were successfully genotyped, of which 13 single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypings of 96 F1 individuals showed genotypes consistent with GBS-mined genotypes. A genomic collinearity analysis between gardenia and the Rubiaceae species Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora and Ophiorrhiza pumila showed the relativity strong conservation of LG11 with NC_039,919.1, HG974438.1 and Bliw01000011.1, respectively. Lastly, a quantitative trait loci analysis at three phenotyping time points (2019, 2020, and 2021) yielded 18 QTLs for growth-related traits and 31 QTLs for leaf-related traits, of which qBSBN7-1, qCD8 and qLNP2-1 could be repeatably detected. Five QTL regions (qCD8 and qSBD8, qBSBN7 and qSI7, qCD4-1 and qLLLS4, qLNP10 and qSLWS10-2, qSBD10 and qLLLS10) with potential pleiotropic effects were also observed. This study provides novel insight into molecular genetic research and could be helpful for further gene cloning and marker-assisted selection for early growth and development traits in the gardenia.

UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI KOPI LAMPUNG (Coffea canephora var.Robusta) PADA TIKUS WISTAR

Kopi Lampung (Coffea canephora var. Robusta) digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam mengobati penyakit karena memiliki efek sebagai antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan antidiabetes hingga menurunkan risiko kanker. Uji keamanan terhadap obat herbal dilakukan untuk mengetahui dosis aman untuk dikonsumsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek toksisitas akut ekstrak etanol biji kopi Lampung (EBKL) terhadap tikus wistar berdasarkan jumlah kematian, perubahan berat badan, dan indeks organ relatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental pada 25 ekor tikus Wistar jantan yang dibagi 5 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, dan kelompok perlakuan EBKL dosis 625 mg/KgBB, EBKL dosis 1250 mg/KgBB, EBKL dosis 2500 mg/KgBB, dan EBKL dosis 5000 mg/kgBB. Pengamatan penelitian berupa jumlah kematian, perubahan berat badan, dan indeks organ tikus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol biji kopi Lampung menyebabkan kematian pada hewan coba, yaitu pada EBKL dosis 2500 mg/Kg BB dan 5000 mg/Kg BB dan nilai LD50 pada dosis ≥2500 mg/kgBB (p<0.05). Dari hasil penelitian terdapat perubahan berat badan yang signfikan pada dosis 5000 mg/kgBB (p<0.05), dan perbedaan signifikan indeks organ relatif hati pada dosis 5000 mg/kgBB (p<0.05) serta indeks organ relatif jantung pada dosis 2500 mg/kgBB dan 5000 mg/kgBB (p<0.05). Ekstrak etanol biji kopi lampung memiliki manfaat untuk kesehatan karena kandungan antioksidannya. Namun demikian, keamanan untuk digunakan sebagai terapi tetaplah harus memperhatikan dosis efektif dan batas keamanannya karena terdapat perubahan indeks organ relatif pada hati dan jantung setelah pemberian EBKL. Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol biji kopi Lampung tergolong dalam kategori sedikit toksis.

COMPOSTOS VOLÁTEIS E NOTA GLOBAL DOS ATRIBUTOS SENSORIAIS NA DISCRIMINAÇÃO DE VARIEDADES CLONAIS DE Coffea canephora COM GENÓTIPOS DE DIFERENTES CICLOS DE MATURAÇÃO

A obtenção de genótipos de Coffea canephora pelo melhoramento genético tem contribuído para aumento da produtividade e qualidade sensorial da bebida. A uniformidade do ciclo de maturação é um importante fator considerado no desenvolvimento de variedade clonais. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a discriminação química e sensorial de três variedades clonais de C. canephora com genótipos de diferentes ciclos de maturação dos frutos baseada na composição de compostos voláteis e na nota global dos atributos sensoriais. As amostras foram constituídas por 54 frutos cerejas, sendo 18 frutos de cada variedade clonal (9 genótipos por ciclo de maturação e 2 repetições). Os frutos foram secados, torrados e moídos para realização das análises químicas e sensoriais. A extração, a caracterização e a identificação dos compostos voláteis foram realizadas por micro extração em fase sólida combinada à cromatografia gasosa e a espectrometria de massas. Para análise sensorial foi utilizado o protocolo da Associação Americana de Cafés Especiais. Nos frutos dos diferentes genótipos foram identificados 4 classes e 12 diferentes compostos voláteis relacionados aos atributes sensoriais. A análise multivariada de coordenadas principais mostrou que os clones de maturação precoce estão mais afastados dos genótipos de maturação intermediaria que daqueles de maturação tardia em relação a composição de compostos voláteis. Entretanto, as variedades clonais tiveram notas globais dos atributos sensoriais da bebida similares. Portanto, há uma variabilidade genética entre as variedades clonais, entretanto a discriminação desses genótipos baseada nas notas globais deve ser investigada considerando a contribuição individual dos atributos sensoriais.

Designing the best breeding strategy for Coffea canephora: Genetic evaluation of pure and hybrid individuals aiming to select for productivity and disease resistance traits

Breeding programs of the species Coffea canephora rely heavily on the significant genetic variability between and within its two varietal groups (conilon and robusta). The use of hybrid families and individuals has been less common. The objectives of this study were to evaluate parents and families from the populations of conilon, robusta, and its hybrids and to define the best breeding and selection strategies for productivity and disease resistance traits. As such, 71 conilon clones, 56 robusta clones, and 20 hybrid families were evaluated over several years for the following traits: vegetative vigor, incidence of rust and cercosporiosis, fruit ripening time, fruit size, plant height, canopy diameter, and yield per plant. Components of variance and genetic parameters were estimated via residual maximum likelihood (REML) and genotypic values were predicted via best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). Genetic variability among parents (clones) and hybrid families was detected for most of the evaluated traits. The Mulamba-Rank index suggests potential gains up to 17% for the genotypic aggregate of traits in the hybrid population. An intrapopulation recurrent selection within the hybrid population would be the best breeding strategy because the genetic variability, narrow and broad senses heritabilities and selective accuracies for important traits were maximized in the crossed population. Besides, such strategy is simple, low cost and quicker than the concurrent reciprocal recurrent selection in the two parental populations, and this maximizes the genetic gain for unit of time.

TAMANHO DE GRÃOS DO CAFEEIRO CONILON IRRIGADO E NÃO IRRIGADO DURANTE QUATRO SAFRAS

TAMANHO DE GRÃOS DO CAFEEIRO CONILON IRRIGADO E NÃO IRRIGADO DURANTE QUATRO SAFRAS1 LUCAS ROSA PEREIRA2; EDVALDO FIALHO DOS REIS2; MATHEUS GASPAR SCHWAN 2; WILIAN RODRIGUES RIBEIRO2, MARIA CHRISTINA JUNGER DELÔGO DARDENGO3 E SAMUEL FERREIRA DA SILVA4 1 Trabalho extraído da Tese de Doutorado do primeiro autor 2 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário S/N, Bairro Guararema, CEP: 29.500.000, Alegre, ES, Brasil, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 3 Setor de Cafeicultura, Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo - Campus Alegre – IFES, Rodovia ES-482, km 47 Distrito de Rive, CEP: 29.500.000, Alegre, ES, Brasil, [email protected]. 4 Departamento de Agronomia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário S/N, Bairro Guararema, CEP: 29.500.000, Alegre, ES, Brasil, [email protected]. 1 RESUMO A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de verificar o tamanho dos grãos do cafeeiro conilon irrigado e não irrigado, durante quatro safras, por meio da classificação física por peneiras. O experimento foi instalado em novembro de 2013 no Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Alegre, em esquema de parcela subdividida 3 x 4, sendo nas parcelas o fator manejo de irrigação em três níveis (irrigado com reposição de 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), irrigado com 50% da ETc e sem irrigação) e nas subparcelas o fator safra em quatro níveis (2013, 2014, 2015 e 2016), em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foi avaliado o percentual de grãos retidos em peneira 13 e superiores, grãos moca e grãos retidos no fundo do conjunto de peneiras. A irrigação influenciou positivamente no tamanho dos grãos. Plantas irrigadas com 100% da ETc obtiveram 72,5% de grãos retidos em peneiras 13 e superiores, já plantas sem irrigação obtiveram 33,1%. Nas safras de 2013 e 2014, foi observado maiores valores de grãos retidos em peneiras 13 e superiores e menores valores de fundo, 76,1% e 7,5%, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: Coffea canephora, cafeicultura sustentável, déficit hídrico, manejo de irrigação. PEREIRA, L. R.; REIS, E. F.; SCHWAN, M. G.; RIBEIRO, W. R.; DARDENGO, M. C. J. D.; SILVA, S. F. SIZE OF CONILON COFFEE BEANS IRRIGATED AND NON-IRRIGATED DURING FOUR HARVESTS 2 ABSTRACT The research was conducted with the objective of verifying the grain size of irrigated and non-irrigated conilon coffee during four harvests, through the physical classification by sieves. The experiment was installed in the year of 2013 in the Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (Federal Institute of Espírito Santo), in a subdivided-plots scheme 3 x 4, being the plots the factor irrigation management in three levels (irrigated with replacement of 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), irrigated with 50% of the ETc, and non-irrigated), and in the subplots, the harvest factor in 4 levels (2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016), in a randomized block design, with three replications. The percentage of grains retained in sieve 13 and above, mocha grains, and grains retained at the fund of the sieve set were evaluated. Irrigation had a positive influence on grain size. Plants irrigated with 100% of the ETc obtained 72.5% of grains retained in sieves 13 and higher, while plants without irrigation obtained 33.1%. In the 2013 and 2014 harvests, higher values ​​of grains retained in sieves 13 and higher and lower bottom values, 76.1% and 7.5%, respectively, were observed. Keywords: Coffea canephora, sustainable coffee growing, water deficit, irrigation management.

Los rizobios incrementan la germinación de las semillas de Coffea arabica y Coffea canephora. Segunda evidencia en Cuba

Introducción. La lenta y asincrónica germinación de las semillas de café afecta la obtención de plántulas e incrementa los gastos asociados a la producción. La aplicación de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPRs) ha mostrado ser una alternativa ante esta problemática. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la inoculación de rizobios en la germinación de dos cultivares de cafeto en condiciones controladas y productivas. Materiales y métodos. Durante enero y febrero del 2020, se desarrollaron dos experimentos en la Universidad de Oriente, Cuba, en el que se emplearon diez cepas de rizobios, provenientes de leguminosas y gramíneas, y dos cultivares de cafeto de importancia económica en Cuba: Coffea arabica cultivar (cv.) Isla 5-15 y Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner cultivar (cv.) Robusta. Los experimentos se realizaron uno en condiciones controladas, donde la germinación de las semillas se evaluó en placas Petri y otro donde se emplearon canteros pregerminadores. En ambos experimentos se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorizado y se realizó un análisis de varianza. Resultados. En condiciones controladas, la inoculación de las cepas Rpr11, Rpr2, 1-2, ICA8001 y Can3, incrementaron el porcentaje de germinación, la energía germinativa, el índice de germinación, el índice de velocidad de germinación y el índice de vigor. En los canteros pregerminadores, los inoculantes a base de las cepas Rpr2 y Rpr11 produjeron los mayores porcentajes de emergencia y de energía de germinación. Conclusión. Las cepas Rpr2 y Rpr11 de Rhizobium, incrementaron la germinación de las semillas de dos variedades de cafeto.