scholarly journals MARGINALIZING TRANS MEDICAL EXPENSES: LINE-DRAWING EXERCISES IN TAX

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Singer

This article explores the treatment of trans medical expenses under American and Canadian tax laws. In both tax systems, medical expenses are deemed worthy of tax relief, while many cosmetic procedures are excluded. This article argues that tax administrators and the judiciary are influenced by social stigma when they employ the distinction between cosmetic and medical expenses to exclude or allow trans medical expenses. In the American context, this article focuses on the Internal Revenue Service’s reasons for deeming a trans woman’s gender dysphoria-related medical expenses to be ineligible for the medical deduction. It then turns to the taxpayer’s subsequent appeal to the U.S. Tax Court in O’Donnabhain v. Commissioner, 134 TC no. 4, and the Court’s determination that, while the taxpayer’s sex reassignment surgery and hormone therapy were eligible expenses, her breast augmentation was not deductible. The article follows by outlining the Canadian medical expense tax credit to determine how similar trans medical expenses might be treated in light of a budget amendment in 2010 prohibiting claims for most cosmetic procedures. The article concludes that in both the American and Canadian context, trans people are held to a higher standard than required under each respective tax statute, with their gender dysphoria-related medical expenses needing to be documented as “medically necessary” to avoid categorization as ineligible cosmetic expenses.  Le présent article examine le traitement des frais médicaux liés à la dysphorie sexuelle en vertu des lois fiscales américaines et canadiennes. Dans les deux régimes fiscaux, les frais médicaux sont considérés comme admissibles à un allègement fiscal, tandis que plusieurs interventions esthétiques sont exclues. Le présent article fait valoir que les administrateurs fiscaux et la magistrature sont influencés par les stigmates sociaux lorsqu’ils ont recours à la distinction entre les frais d’intervention esthétique et les frais médicaux pour exclure ou justifier les frais médicaux liés à la transition. Dans le contexte américain, le présent article se penche sur les motifs formulés par l’Internal Revenue Service pour juger inadmissibles à la déduction pour frais médicaux les frais médicaux liés au trouble d’identité sexuelle d’une femme transgenre. Il examine ensuite l’appel interjeté ultérieurement par la contribuable à la US Tax Court dans O’Donnabhain v. Commissioner, 134 TC no. 4, ainsi que la décision de cette cour selon laquelle la chirurgie pour changement de sexe et l’hormonothérapie de la contribuable constituaient des frais admissibles, alors que son augmentation mammaire n’était pas déductible. L’article décrit ensuite le crédit d’impôt canadien pour frais médicaux pour déterminer comment des frais médicaux similaires liés à la dysphorie sexuelle pourraient être traités à la lumière d’une modification budgétaire de 2010 interdisant les réclamations pour la plupart des interventions esthétiques. L’article conclut que, tant aux États-Unis qu’au Canada, les personnes transgenres doivent satisfaire à une norme plus élevée que celle que prévoit la loi fiscale à laquelle elles sont assujetties, leurs frais médicaux liés à la transition devant être documentés comme étant « médicalement nécessaires » pour éviter d’être qualifiés de frais d’intervention esthétique inadmissibles. 

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-61
Author(s):  
Eric S. Smith ◽  
Ryan H. Pace

ABSTRACT In 2010, the United States Tax Court upheld a taxpayer's deduction for medical expenses arising from gender reassignment surgery. This article discusses the facts of the O'Donnabhain case and the Tax Court's holding in light of relevant legislative history, and finds that a new layer of understanding now exists in the context of deductible plastic surgery: in a post-O'Donnabhain world, mental (not just physical) diseases may be treated through physical alterations to the body and give rise to deductible medical expenses. Based on the Tax Court's opinion, we posit an algorithm for application of what we consider to be a fourth case law-created exception to the disallowance of deductions for cosmetic surgery, which may have application in both LGBT- and non-LGBT-related instances.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Miriam Yvonn Márquez Barragán

Resumen: El baile a lo largo del tiempo ha sido visto como una actividad peligrosa para los valores morales y religiosos. El cuerpo de la mujer ha sido visto como un medio para excitar el pecado. La obra dramática de Federico García Lorca logra capturar el conflicto moral y las implicaciones sexuales del baile con personajes femeninos que luchan entre el deseo y sus  instintos. En el presente trabajo, analizo algunos de los valores sociales y morales del baile en el teatro de Lorca. Palabras clave: Federico García Lorca, Danza, trangresión, cuerpo, estigma social. Abstract: Dance over time has been perceived as an activity threatening certain moral and religious values. The female body is the expressive instrument in dancing, as a mean to incite sinful behavior. The dramatic work of Federico García Lorca capture the moral conflict and the sexual implications of the dance with female characters who struggle between desire and their instincts. In the present article, I review some of the negative social and moral values present in dancing, in Lorca’s view.Key words: Federico Garcia-Lorca, dance, transgression, body, social stigma.


Author(s):  
Cordelia Y. Ross ◽  
Alex S. Keuroghlian

Gender dysphoria occurs when a patient has distress associated with incongruence between a person’s experienced gender and the gender traditionally associated with their sex assigned at birth. This must occur for at least six months. The psychiatric assessment of a patient with gender dysphoria should include exploration of the child’s developmental history of gender-expansive identification and expression; sources of distress relating to familial, community, and social stigma; and ways to help families adopt an accepting and nurturing response. Gender affirmation can include psychological, social, legal, and biological interventions. The goal of psychotherapy is to help a person explore, discover, and affirm their gender identity. Social affirmation may include changing names, pronouns, and gender expression. Legal gender affirmation may take place through a name or gender marker change on official documents. Biological affirmation may include pubertal suppression for younger adolescents, gender-affirming hormone therapy, and/or gender-affirming surgery.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav L. Djordjevic ◽  
Christopher J. Salgado ◽  
Marta Bizic ◽  
Franklin Emmanuel Kuehhas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Infanti

13 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 1 (2012)In this essay prepared for a symposium on the intersection of tax law with gender and sexuality, I explore the violent collision of these two concepts - or, more appropriately, these two "others." I begin my exploration of this collision of "others" by first explaining how the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community is a marginalized "other" in American society while, in contrast, tax is a privileged "other" in the realm of American law. Then, I turn to a close examination of a recent case, O'Donnabhain v. Commissioner, to illustrate the collision of the otherness of LGBT individuals with the otherness of tax. This case, which concerns the propriety of a transgender person's medical expense deduction for costs related to sex reassignment surgery, exemplifies the originary violence that is, as we speak, hewing the concepts of tax and sexual and gender identity to create a point of intersection at which these concepts can, in the future, again and again violently collide with each other.


2021 ◽  
pp. 135-153
Author(s):  
W. Brian Dowis ◽  
Ted D. Englebrecht ◽  
Mike Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
The Us ◽  

Author(s):  
Reubs Walsh ◽  
Gillian Einstein

The policing of boundaries of acceptable sexual identities and behaviour is a recurring theme in numerous marginalities. Gender (especially womanhood) is often instantiated socially through the harms to which members of that gender are subjected. For transgender people, the assumption that genitals define gender translates the ubiquitous misapprehension that genitals and sex are binary into an assumption that gender must also be binary. This circumscribes the potentiality of cultural intelligibility for trans gender identities, and may interfere with the ability of transgender people to select the most appropriate medical and social means of expressing their authentic identities, even altering what is possible or appropriate, thereby curtailing trans people’s authenticity and freedom. We therefore distinguish social from bodily aspects of gender dysphoria, proposing a model of their distinct, intersecting origins. We explore ways in which transgender medicine reflects aspects of other gendered surgeries, proposing a biopsychosocial understanding of embodiment, including influences of culture on the neurological representation of the body in the somatosensory cortex. This framework proposes that cultural cissexism, causes trans people to experience (neuro)physiological damage, creating or exacerbating the need for medical transition within a framework of individual autonomy. Our social-constructionist feminist neuroscientific account of gendered embodiment highlights the medical necessity of bodily autonomy for trans people seeking surgery or other biomedical interventions, and the ethical burden therein.


2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S590-S590
Author(s):  
R. Hernandez Anton ◽  
C. Noval Canga ◽  
E. Rybak Koite ◽  
H. De La Red Gallego ◽  
L. Gallardo Borge ◽  
...  

IntroductionGender dysphoria is incoherence between the sex a person feels or expresses and the biological.ObjectiveRevise the inclusion criteria for hormone therapy and sex reassignment surgery in gender dysphoria. Expose the multidisciplinary approach. Make differential diagnosis with other psychological disorders.MethodologyA 45 years old male patient (biological female), who was sent from Endocrinology Unit for a psychiatric evaluation before restart a hormonal treatment. Since his childhood, he has presented dissatisfaction with his sexual characteristics; he has had fantasies and dreams, in which he belonged to the other sex. He has always chosen male activities and male stereotypes companies. He has presented preference for cross-dressing from 9 years. Always felt the sexual attraction for women. He first consulted for this reason in 1995.ResultsIt reported favorably to start hormone treatment after completing the eligibility criteria: > 18 years old; knowledge of the effects of hormones; and more 3 months documented real-life experience. The hormone therapy caused the growth of microprolactinoma, which was treated with dopamine agonists until it disappeared and the cessation of galactorrhea. Testosterone treatment is restarted. Laboratory tests are done every 3 months during the first year and then, every 6 months.ConclusionsIs the gender disphoria a pathology? The EU recommends a reclassification as no pathological disorders in ICD-11. The treatment of gender dysphoria is necessary, and there is no reason to postpone it. The main difficulty is the differential diagnosis; there may be comorbidity with others mental disorders which are not exclusive (psychotic disorder, OCD, personality disorders and other disorders of gender identity).Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.


2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2190-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schneider ◽  
Nina Neuhaus ◽  
Joachim Wistuba ◽  
Michael Zitzmann ◽  
Jochen Heß ◽  
...  

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