Speech After Long Silence—An Appraisee-Based Comprehensive Analysis With Retrospective and Future Perspectives on Current ID Policy of Transpersons in China

As the sexual minority in China, transpersons remain faced with various realistic challenges. In recent years, however, there has been a significant progress made in the protection given to the rights that transpersons deserve. Currently, the citizens who have changed their gender through sex reassignment surgery can make applications to the local police station for changing their gender registration and get issued a new ID card. This is regarded as a crucial milestone in reducing the bias against transpersons and protecting their legitimate rights in China. Highlighted by the case of an extraordinary appraisee who have received SRS to change from male to female and started a new life with a new ID, not only does this article construe the current ID policy and the detailed process of ID card change for transpersons in China, it also reveals the living and developmental conditions facing transpersons in China. Finally, the visibility of the community of transpersons is improved to eradicate the discrimination against transpersons.

Unqueering Transgender? A Queer Geography of Transnormativity in Two Online Communities

<p>This research implicates gender in the study of sexuality and suggests a genealogy of transgender that consists of both the medicalisation of transsexuality and the articulation of gender performances in gay liberation’s politics of difference. While the transgender subject is often idealised in queer discourses, this research positions the transsexual (one articulation of transgender) as normative: conservative gender politics, the ontological separation of gender and sexuality that echoes assimilationist gay and lesbian politics, an identity based on essentialist biology and psychiatric “wrong body” discourses, and the privileging of passing technologies such as hormone replacement therapies and sex reassignment surgery (themselves justified though the elaboration of wrong body discourses). Further to this, the public rendering of some transgender bodies as nonconformist results in violence and the need to explore alternate spaces of being, namely the internet which has the potential to build community, raise consciousness of gender and transgender oppression, but can also be used to legitimate transnormative (re)productions of the self. The analysis of two online communities of transgender individuals shows the most frequent users tended to be transsexual and privileging conservative gender politics and an essentialist medical etiology of transsexuality. Users were also typically more knowledgeable in passing biotechnologies than some medical professionals. In one community that are tailored to transgender individuals, subjects felt at ease to discuss a variety of topics and explore the complications of transgender. In the second community, tailored towards feminists in general, transgender issues were addressed in a more confrontational manner, often exposing the transphobic nature of some feminisms.</p>

Unqueering Transgender? A Queer Geography of Transnormativity in Two Online Communities

<p>This research implicates gender in the study of sexuality and suggests a genealogy of transgender that consists of both the medicalisation of transsexuality and the articulation of gender performances in gay liberation’s politics of difference. While the transgender subject is often idealised in queer discourses, this research positions the transsexual (one articulation of transgender) as normative: conservative gender politics, the ontological separation of gender and sexuality that echoes assimilationist gay and lesbian politics, an identity based on essentialist biology and psychiatric “wrong body” discourses, and the privileging of passing technologies such as hormone replacement therapies and sex reassignment surgery (themselves justified though the elaboration of wrong body discourses). Further to this, the public rendering of some transgender bodies as nonconformist results in violence and the need to explore alternate spaces of being, namely the internet which has the potential to build community, raise consciousness of gender and transgender oppression, but can also be used to legitimate transnormative (re)productions of the self. The analysis of two online communities of transgender individuals shows the most frequent users tended to be transsexual and privileging conservative gender politics and an essentialist medical etiology of transsexuality. Users were also typically more knowledgeable in passing biotechnologies than some medical professionals. In one community that are tailored to transgender individuals, subjects felt at ease to discuss a variety of topics and explore the complications of transgender. In the second community, tailored towards feminists in general, transgender issues were addressed in a more confrontational manner, often exposing the transphobic nature of some feminisms.</p>

Clinical profile and management challenges of disorders of sex development in Africa: a systematic review

Objectives To review the published literature regarding disorders of sex development (DSD) in Africa which will highlight clinical characteristics, and challenges of evaluation and treatment of DSD. Content We performed systematic review of articles published on DSD in Africa between January 2001 and December 2020. Summary Eighteen studies involving 1980 patients from nine countries were analyzed. Overall mean age at presentation was 9.3 years (range 1 day–33 years) with 52.5 and 45.1% reared as females and males, respectively, prior to presentation. Following evaluation however, 64% were assigned female sex, 32.1% were assigned male sex, and 21.8% of the cases required sex reassignment. Only 7 (38.9%) of the publications reported medical treatment of DSD, 4 (22.2%) reported on psychosocial management and 5 (27.8%) documented multidisciplinary team management. Barring regional variations, the documented challenges of management include delayed presentation, loss to follow up, financial challenges, and lack of facilities for care of DSD. Comparison of the cases managed in the last decade (2011–2020) with those managed in the earlier decade (2001–2010) showed a trend towards earlier presentation and reduced rate of sex reassignment in the last decade. However, the challenges persisted. Outlook Barring regional differences, a high proportion of DSD in Africa may have delayed presentation with inappropriate sex of rearing, inadequate evaluation and need for sex reassignment. Specific efforts to improve time to diagnosis, patient evaluation, improvement of healthcare funding, and collaboration with more developed countries may improve the care of patients with DSD in Africa.

Quality of Life and Perceived Social Support Before and After Sex Reassignment Surgery

This study aimed to explore the pre- and postoperative differences in quality of life and perceived social support of Female-to-Male transsexual patients who underwent mastectomy and complete hysterectomy. Sixty-three Female-to-Male female individuals who underwent complete hysterectomy and mastectomy between November 2019 and November 2020 were included in this study. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Short Form. The pre- and postoperative perceived social support mean scores of patients were 57.2 ± 9.0 and 74.9 ± 7.3, respectively. The pre- and postoperative quality of life mean scores of patients were 76.9 ± 8.3 and 107.8 ± 10.1, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the measurements ( p < .05). In addition, the patients whose education level was primary school, whose income was less than their expenditure, whose father was a primary school graduate, whose family had a strict family opinion on sexuality, whose family had a traditional view, and who had a high body mass index were found to have higher postoperative social support perceptions and quality of life. The patients’ postoperative quality of life and perceived social support improved after sex reassignment surgery.

Medicina, pravo in družba: sodobne dileme IV

The monography "Medicine, Law and Society: Contemporary Dilemmas IV" is already the fourth such book. It contains current contributions related to the central theme of liability in healthcare. In their contributions, the authors analyze and discuss various open legal, ethical, and medical issues and dilemmas facing healthcare today in Slovenia and comparative legislations and globally. The monography contains content that addresses selected topics related to civil and criminal liability issues (e.g., medical chamber, doctors, other health professionals, patients,…), euthanasia, surrogate motherhood, and mental health. The second group of articles focuses on current topics, which connect law, sport and medicine (e.g., gender and sex reassignment, doping, athlete employment issues, responsibility in sport, etc.). The third group consists of contributions related to the topics of infectious diseases (Covid-19, SARS, H1N1, Ebola…) and selected aspects regarding medicines (financing of medicines, search for new medicines, pharmaceutical law…).

Bioethical Threads in the Reflection of Tibetan Refugees in India

This article aims to trace and describe the bioethical threads in medical practice and the understanding of medicine among Tibetan refugees living in India. Taking up such a task results mainly from the fact that only traces of bioethical reflection are visible in Tibetan society, but without the awareness that it requires systematic reflection on its essence and changes that accompany modern medicine. I define the state of the discussion on Tibetan bioethics as preparadigmatic, i.e., one that precedes the recognition of the importance of bioethics and the elaboration of its basic concepts. In this paper, I will show how the Tibetan refugees today, in an unconscious way, approach bioethics, using the example of life-related topics, namely beginning and death. To this end, I chose topics such as abortion, fetal sex reassignment, euthanasia, and suicide. On this basis, I will indicate the main reasons that hinder the emergence of bioethics and those that may contribute to systematic discussions in the future. An introduction to Tibetan medicine will precede these considerations. I will show how medical traditions, especially the Rgyud bzhi text, are related to Tibetan Buddhism and opinions of the 14th Dalai Lama.