scholarly journals "Pious Jew" Yakov Frizer and the Status of Jews in Siberia in the Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-837
Author(s):  
Irena Vladimirsky ◽  
Mariia V. Krotova
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
East Siberia ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Business Connections ◽  
The Russian Empire

The present article analyses some documents concerning the legal and social status of Yakov D. Frizer (1869-1932), who was a Jew, a resident of Irkutsk, a merchant of the First Guild and one of the biggest gold miners of East Siberia. The story of his life in East Siberia describes religious tolerance along with manifestations of nationalism and antisemitism. On the threshold of the 20th century, Siberia was a colorful mosaic of numerous religious groups and confessions existing in the Russian Empire. Jewish communities of Siberia were characterized by openness and heterogeneity. In contras-distinction to the Jews from the Pale of Settlement, Jews of Siberia were successfully integrated into Siberian society. Being a son of a criminal exile, Yakov Frizer in a course of time became one of the biggest Siberian entrepreneurs. Diaries from Frizers private archive sometimes pointed out to the cases of religious and ethnic disaffection, thereby demonstrating the complexity and versatility of interfaith relations in East Siberia. Using the definition of Pierre Bourdieu, several generations of Siberian Jews succeeded to build a symbolic capital that became a part of their social status, ensured their social respect, and business connections built on mutual trust, making Jews as useful society members. East Siberia in general was tolerant to questions of religious faith. The so-called Jewish question in East Siberia did not have the same sharpness as it had in Western provinces of the Russian Empire. The Jewish question in Siberia was rather an echo of anti-Semitic stereotypes that traditionally have deep roots in the Russian society, and common people consciousness. The article is based on unpublished sources and diaries from Frizers private archive, as well as on archival sources from the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals PANTELEIMON KULISH AND THE "JEWISH QUESTION" IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Victor Dotsenko
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Great Writer

The author attempts to analyze the views of Panteleimon Kulish on the history, culture and everyday life of Jews who lived along with Ukrainians in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, to determine what factors and stereotypes formed the outlook of the great writer and his attitude to the Russian imperial project of resolving the "Jewish question". With the growing of Russian imperial messianism and chauvinism, Ukrainian intellectuals appeared in a difficult situation. The tsar held assimilation policies towards both Jews and Ukrainians. At the same time, Jews additionallly suffered from manifestations of state anti-Semitism. Engagement of Ukrainian Christians in anti-Semitic actions has intensified the position of Russifikators of Ukrainian lands. The Ukrainian elite aimed to stop these manifestations of anti-Semitism by its actions. Obviously, the Ukrainian protest did not condemn anti-Semitism without reservations, because its authors suggested that Jews should partly share responsibility for anti-Semitism. The idea of protesting Ukrainian intellectuals coincided with ideas of Russian liberals who offered to consider Russian Jews as carriers of "civil autonomy and moral independence," and urged them to abandon their national-religious prejudices. While supporting the civil rights of Jews, Kulish at the same time realized that the Ukrainians themselves belonged to the oppressed nations in the Russian Empire, where, in general, social and national rights and freedoms were much less than in the constitutional states of Western Europe. Therefore, he found it impractical to move from there to Russian blindly a practice of artificial support for only Jewish nationality, because in imperial terms this meant only a change in the configuration of national unequal, and not the elimination of it at all. P. Kulish's views on the "Jewish question" of the mid-nineteenth century corresponded to the conceptions of Russian liberal intellectuals regarding the modernization of Russian society. He supports the proclaimed liberal ideas of the need to integrate Jews into imperial life. Jews must be the most interested in destroying of the traditional world of the Jewish town. Giving the Jews of secular education, adopting by them the modern values could lead to the elimination of intolerance and manifestations of anti-Semitism in the society. The Jews himself, according to P. Kulish had to go towards society and change their social mood.

scholarly journals The legal status of the Jewish population in Russia: a political and analytical review (the late 18th – early 20th centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Olga V. Rozina ◽  
Tatyana I. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
The Russian Empire

The problem of mythologising the history of Russia in the context of the thesis “prison of the peoples” remains topical in the context of the modern information warfare of civilisational opponents. An attempt to implant in the public consciousness a myth about the exclusively discriminatory nature of the imperial nationality policy, in particular, on the Jewish question, prevents from objective examination of the ongoing processes. The article analyses the main tendencies of the state policy towards Jewish subjects of the Russian Empire during the reign of four emperors – Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II and Nicholas II. The work used various sources, materials and research. The article provides a general overview of historiography on the problem, and also examines the creation of the Pale of Settlement, measures in the field of restricting the civil rights of the Jewish population and education. The authors come to the conclusion that the policy of the Russian Empire in the Jewish question was not anti-Semitic, although it was ambiguous and, at times, contradictory. At the same time, restrictive measures did not apply to the religious and ritual-cult side of the life of the Jews. The historical and factual basis of the publication helps to understand the building of civilised relations in the environment of Russian society, which is represented by different cultures and religions.

The Polish Revolt of 1863 and the Birth of Russification: Bad for the Jews?

2004 ◽  
pp. 96-110
Author(s):  
John D. Klier
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Polish Question ◽  
The Russian Empire

This chapter addresses how the Polish uprising of 1863 was a traumatic event for Russian society. It was an early warning that the reform era in Russia would not immediately solve all the problems of Russian society. The events of the revolt itself, and the pro-Polish diplomatic effort it produced, provoked a wave of patriotism and heightened national feeling in Russia. A central feature of this new mood was a determination to deal with the Polish Question once and for all. Proposals to this end came to be known collectively as ‘Russification’. A standard assumption in the secondary literature is that policies of Russification had dire consequences for national minorities in the Russian Empire. This claim has been made particularly strongly in the case of the Jews. At the end of the 1850s, Russian public opinion, as represented by the periodical press, was mildly sympathetic to the plight of the Jews in the Russian Empire. By the end of the 1860s, Russian opinion was sharply divided on the Jewish Question and Judeophobia was a visibly growing phenomenon.

scholarly journals Legal nihilism in resolving family conflicts of nobles and peasants of Russian Empire in the first third of XIX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
S. P. Volf ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Family Conflicts ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article highlights the ways of resolving family conflicts nobles and peasants in the first third of the XIX century in the Russian Empire, against the background of the ongoing systematization of legislation. Based on examination of the letters and memoirs of the nobles and peasants we highlighted the methods, which are actually used to solve family conflicts. I conclude that nobles and peasants rarely used help of the state in resolving family conflicts. The sphere of family relations was sacred for these estates; therefore, they did not rope the authorities into family conflicts. I have identified the following ways to resolve family conflicts: duel; marriage, often in the form of a secret wedding; going to the monastery and punishing the unfaithful wife; different approaches to raising children by peasants and nobles. The author of the article pays attention to passivity of the peasants in resolving their family conflicts. The results of the study allow exploring the alternative ways of resolving family conflicts based on representatives of other classes of Russian society in the first third of the 19th century (clergy, merchants, philistines, foreigners) as well, using wider range of sources (journalism, normative acts, fiction, paperwork). This analysis contributes to the discussion about the limits of the government intervention into family affairs. The author of the article redlines that people did not trust the law and resorted to the personally legitimate sources of dealing with family conflicts. This conclusion presents a new perspective in the discussion of legal nihilism and real application of the law in life

scholarly journals Некоторые полицейские меры со стороны властей Российской империи в отношении уроженцев Царства Польского после Ноябрьского 1830 г. и Январского 1863 г. восстаний

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (XXIV) ◽  
pp. 183-196
Author(s):  
Сергей Лазарян
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hard Labour

The Russian authorities used repressive measures against the Poles, who were active partic-ipants in the November 1830 and January 1863 uprisings. These measures included arrest and ex-pulsion to the inner provinces of the Russian Empire under the supervision of the police without the right to return to their homeland; the inclusion in military garrisons stationed in various parts of the empire; the direction to serve in the troops in the Caucasus, where military operations were conducted against the local highlanders and expulsion to hard labour and settlement in Siberia or in the internal provinces of Russia.The severity of repressive measures was determined by the fact that, in the exiled Poles, they saw a source of hatred spreading towards the tsarist government. The authorities feared the influ-ence of their thoughts on the liberal strata of Russian society, especially on young people. With such measures, they tried to suppress the restless minds. The imperial authorities also feared the reaction of Europe, which threatened Russia with “anathema” and intervention.

scholarly journals Agrarian reforms of Russia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in the coverage of economists of the XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
I. K. Shcherbakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Agrarian Reforms ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

The article analyses the features of the development of agriculture in Russia at the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. The paper studies and considers attempts to solve the agrarian issue in the specified period. The study considers the course and results of the reform of 1861, as well as economic reforms of the beginning of the 20th century. The author gives an assessment of these reforms, as well as the situation of the peasantry made by the leading economists of that time: N.D. Kondrat'ev, S.L. Maslov, A.V. Peshekhonov, A.V. Chayanov, and also analyses the measures aimed at alleviating the situation of the peasantry and solving the agrarian problems of that period. The research paper also presents a comparative analysis of the consequences of the 1861 reform, its impact on the solution of the agrarian issue in different parts of the Russian Empire, in particular in Poland after the Polish Uprising of 1863.

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