scholarly journals The role of unpaved roads in the formation of landslide processes (on the example of Voronezh region)

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Andrey N. Timofeev
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Unpaved Roads ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Voronezh Region ◽  
Landslide Processes ◽  
Landslide Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Landslide Distribution

The article gives a brief description of the Voronezh region, provides data on the cause of landslides in its territory. The cyclical nature of landslide processes is noted, which in the region is on average 6-8 years. Attention is focused on anthropogenic activity, leading to the occurrence of creeping layers of the earth. The main causes of erosion processes are: significant plowing of the area (80%), which is not subject to the rules of anti-erosion agrotechnology; the irrational use of pastures and hayfields; an extensive gully-beam network. The role of temporary reservoirs formed in the ruts of unpaved roads, passing along the slopes and ravines, as a source of overmoistening of the soil layers and initiation of landslide processes is considered. The analysis of the landslide distribution over the territory of the Voronezh region and their dependence on the network of dirt roads is given. The areas of the Voronezh region were ranked by the number of landslide processes associated with the impact of a number of unpaved highways. Of the 32 districts of the region, according to this ranking, 12 are extremely dangerous, very dangerous and dangerous, and the same areas have a very extensive network of unpaved roads running near ravines, steep banks of rivers and ponds, where potentially flow of landslide processes. Dirt roads often have relatively deep ruts where melted or rainwater accumulates, forming local micro-ponds. Flowing to the waterproof layer, water saturates the soil layer, which can slide down the slope, forming a landslide process. It is necessary to predict the possibility of the occurrence of dangerous natural phenomena when laying automobile dirt roads.

scholarly journals The Effect of Variations in Drainage on Infiltration Rates in Pore Cylindrical Drainage

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Nhi Thrinch ◽  
Honh Thung
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
The Impact

Inundation and floods are caused by a combination of factors including lower rain catchment areas, decreasing infiltration rates, and an uneven distribution of rainfall throughout the year, which all combine to create flooding and inundation issues. The alternative option is to install an efficient drainage system that is ecologically friendly, since in addition to its role of accommodating and draining water, it also has the additional purpose of absorbing water into the subsurface soil layer. A pore hole is created at the bottom of the drainage channel in order for the water to be absorbed. There was a desire to investigate the impact of soil texture on the rate of infiltration, therefore this research was conducted. Three kinds of soil were utilized as infiltration medium, namely sandy loam, loam, and clayey loam, all of which were found in the surrounding area. In addition, there are three variants of hole spacing, namely 16 cm, 32 cm, and 48 cm, as well as three variations of flow rate, namely 400 cm3/s, 1500 cm3/s, and 2500 cm3/s, among others. As a consequence of laboratory studies, it has been shown that the impact of changes in flow rate on infiltration discharge is inversely proportional to the flow rate, i.e., the higher the flow rate, the smaller the infiltration discharge that occurs. The reason for this is because it is influenced by the flow velocity

scholarly journals Impact of impurities and cryoconite on the optical properties of the Morteratsch Glacier (Swiss Alps)

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2393-2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biagio Di Mauro ◽  
Giovanni Baccolo ◽  
Roberto Garzonio ◽  
Claudia Giardino ◽  
Dario Massabò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Reflectance Spectra ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Snow And Ice

Abstract. The amount of reflected energy by snow and ice plays a fundamental role in their melting processes. Different non-ice materials (carbonaceous particles, mineral dust (MD), microorganisms, algae, etc.) can decrease the reflectance of snow and ice promoting the melt. The object of this paper is to assess the capability of field and satellite (EO-1 Hyperion) hyperspectral data to characterize the impact of light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) on the surface reflectance of ice and snow of the Vadret da Morteratsch, a large valley glacier in the Swiss Alps. The spatial distribution of both narrow-band and broad-band indices derived from Hyperion was analyzed in relation to ice and snow impurities. In situ and laboratory reflectance spectra were acquired to characterize the optical properties of ice and cryoconite samples. The concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and levoglucosan were also determined to characterize the impurities found in cryoconite. Multi-wavelength absorbance spectra were measured to compare the optical properties of cryoconite samples and local moraine sediments. In situ reflectance spectra showed that the presence of impurities reduced ice reflectance in visible wavelengths by 80–90 %. Satellite data also showed the outcropping of dust during the melting season in the upper parts of the glacier, revealing that seasonal input of atmospheric dust can decrease the reflectance also in the accumulation zone of the glacier. The presence of EC and OC in cryoconite samples suggests a relevant role of carbonaceous and organic material in the darkening of the ablation zone. This darkening effect is added to that caused by fine debris from lateral moraines, which is assumed to represent a large fraction of cryoconite. Possible input of anthropogenic activity cannot be excluded and further research is needed to assess the role of human activities in the darkening process of glaciers observed in recent years.

scholarly journals Investigating the Influence of Biochar Particle Size and Depth of Placement on Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions from Simulated Urine Patches

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Ainul Mahmud ◽  
Marta Camps-Arbestain ◽  
Mike Hedley
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Inversion

The use of biochar reduces nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils under specific conditions yet the mechanisms through which interactions occur are not fully understood. The objectives of this glasshouse study were to investigate the effect of (i) biochar particle size, and (ii) the impact of soil inversion—through simulated mouldboard ploughing—on N2O emissions from soils to which cattle urine was applied. Pine biochar (550 °C) with two different particle sizes (<2 mm and >4 mm) was mixed either into the top soil layer at the original 0–10 cm depth in the soil column or at 10–20 cm depth by inverting the top soil to simulate ploughing. Nitrous oxide emissions were monitored for every two to three days, up to seven weeks during the summer trial and measurements were repeated during the autumn trial. We found that the use of large particle size biochar in the inverted soil had significant impact on increasing the cumulative N2O emissions in autumn trial, possibly through changes in the water hydraulic conductivity of the soil column and increased water retention at the boundary between soil layers. This study thus highlights the importance of the role of biochar particle size and the method of biochar placement on soil physical properties and the implications of these on N2O emissions.

scholarly journals Impact of impurities and cryoconite on the optical properties of the Morteratsch glacier (Swiss Alps)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biagio Di Mauro ◽  
Giovanni Baccolo ◽  
Roberto Garzonio ◽  
Claudia Giardino ◽  
Dario Massabò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Reflectance Spectra ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Snow And Ice

Abstract. The amount of reflected energy by snow and ice plays a fundamental role in their melting processes. Different non-ice materials (carbonaceous particles, mineral dust, microorganisms, algae etc.) can decrease the reflectance of snow and ice promoting the melt. The object of this paper is to assess the capability of field and satellite (EO-1 Hyperion) hyperspectral data to characterize the impact of light-absorbing impurities on the surface reflectance of ice and snow of the Vadret da Morteratsch, a large valley glacier in the Swiss Alps. The spatial distribution of both narrow-band and broad-band indices derived from Hyperion was analyzed in relation to ice and snow impurities. In situ and laboratory reflectance spectra were acquired to characterize the optical properties of ice and cryoconite samples. The concentrations of Elemental Carbon (EC), Organic Carbon (OC) and Levoglucosan were also determined to characterize the impurities found in cryoconite. Multi-wavelength absorbance spectra were measured to compare the optical properties of cryoconite samples and local moraine sediments. In situ reflectance spectra showed that the presence of impurities reduced ice reflectance in visible wavelengths of 80–90 %. Satellite data also showed the outcropping of dust during the melting season in the upper parts of the glacier, revealing that seasonal input of atmospheric dust can decrease the reflectance also in the accumulation zone of the glacier. The presence of EC and OC in cryoconite samples suggests a relevant role of carbonaceous and organic material in the darkening of the ablation zone. This darkening effect is added to that caused by fine debris from lateral moraines, assumed to represent a large fraction of cryoconite. Possible input of anthropogenic activity cannot be excluded and further researches are needed to assess the role of human activities in the darkening process of glaciers observed in recent years.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Accumulation and Loss in a High-input Greenhouse Vegetable Cropping System Elevated by Application of Manures

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1688-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Quan ◽  
Bin Huang ◽  
Caiyan Lu ◽  
Yi Shi ◽  
Yanhong Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
High Input ◽  
Greenhouse Soil ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
The Impact

Much nitrogen (N) is lost in high-input protected cropping systems mainly via leaching of not only nitrate-N but also extractable organic N (EON), but the role of EON in this process is poorly appreciated. A consecutive 3-year plot experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of co-application of manures with chemical N fertilizer on N accumulation and loss in a greenhouse soil rotationally planted with cucumber or tomato and lettuce. Application of manures significantly enhanced the average contents and stocks of NO3−-N, EON, and total N (TN) in 0- to 60-cm soil layer, although EON accumulated within growing season, while NO3−-N accumulated with fluctuation, and TN accumulated gradually throughout the 3-year experiment. With application rate at 120 or 180 t dry manures per hectare per 3 years, the corresponding apparent N surplus was 2710 or 3924 kg⋅ha−1 per 3 years. Due to little increase of biomass N uptakes during vegetable seasons, the accumulated N in soil profile would be a potential loss source, largely via leaching of both nitrate and EON. Application of manures slowed soil acidification but intensified secondary salinization of the greenhouse soil. Considering the manures-induced high soil N accumulation and loss, well-balanced evaluation of the role of manures in high-input agricultural ecosystems is needed.

Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Brambilla ◽  
David A. Butz
Keyword(s):  
Gay Men ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Intergroup Threat ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Climate

Two studies examined the impact of macrolevel symbolic threat on intergroup attitudes. In Study 1 (N = 71), participants exposed to a macrosymbolic threat (vs. nonsymbolic threat and neutral topic) reported less support toward social policies concerning gay men, an outgroup whose stereotypes implies a threat to values, but not toward welfare recipients, a social group whose stereotypes do not imply a threat to values. Study 2 (N = 78) showed that, whereas macrolevel symbolic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward gay men, macroeconomic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward Asians, an outgroup whose stereotypes imply an economic threat. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the role of a general climate of threat in shaping intergroup attitudes.

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