scholarly journals Numerus surdus y armonía musical. Sobre el temperamento igual y el fin del reinado pitagórico de los números

2021 ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Lianggi Espinoza ◽  
Juan Redmond ◽  
Pablo César Palacios Torres ◽  
Ismael Cortez Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The West ◽  
String Instruments ◽  
Equal Temperament ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe development of philosophical ideas throughout history has sometimes been assisted by the use of handcrafted instruments. Some paradigmatic cases, such as the invention of the telescope or the microscope, show that many philosophical approaches have been the result of the intervention of such instruments. The aim of this article is to show the determining role that stringed musical instruments with frets had in the crisis and generation of philosophical paradigms. In fact, just as the observations of the moon with the telescope broke more than a thousand years of Aristotelian hegemony, the fretted string instruments, predecessors of the guitar, played a central role in the collapse of one of the most influential approaches in the history of Philosophy: Pythagorism. We focus on the fundamental hallmarks of Pythagorism and on how, during the 16th century and from the fretted string instruments, the mathematical-musical notion of equal temperament emerged, which from the middle of the 19th century will be established as the prevailing philosophical-musical paradigm of the West.

scholarly journals The Slavic Qur’an Translation of the 16th–18th Centuries: Poland and Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-82
Author(s):  
D. V. Mukhetdinov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Ethnocultural Group ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Modern Russian

This paper aims to continue and develop the research cycle on history of Qur’an translations in Europe. The paper deals with rethinking of possible background of Russian Qur’an translations, commonly traced back up to the first half of the 19th century. Ca. 1800 the tradition of Qur’an translating in Russia was already rich and varied in its scientific, literary and religious contexts. However, its origin could be found in the earlier similar tradition of Lithuanian Tatars, which was developed at least from the 16th century in intellectual space of the three states, namely Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rzeczpospolita and Tsardom of Russia. This Muslim ethnocultural group shaped their own Qur’an translation school in the West Russian (Ruthenian, Old Belorusian) language closely related to modern Russian.

Middle Platonism

Classics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Bonazzi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Theological Interpretation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Platonic Tradition

The term “Middle Platonism” was created in the 19th century ce to distinguish this movement from the later tradition known as “Neoplatonism.” Both terms, however, are misleading and would have been rejected by the ancients; neither “Middle Platonists” would have accepted that they were an intermediate step in the history of Platonism nor would “Neoplatonists” have agreed that they were introducing anything new in the Platonic tradition. However, it is true that Early Imperial Platonism differs in basic ways from Late Antique Platonism, and both labels continue to be used for the sake of clarity. In short, Middle Platonism conventionally refers to a group of philosophers from the 1st century bce to the 3rd century ce who may be described as Platonists by virtue of their allegiance to a nucleus of Platonic doctrines. More precisely, this allegiance can be presented as the attempt to develop a systematic and theological interpretation of Plato’s philosophy. This suffices to prove its importance, philosophically and historically, for two reasons: (1) because the commitment to the view that Plato’s philosophy can be reduced to a system proved very influential in the history of philosophy, and (2) because in this period monotheistic religions such as Judaism and Christianity first encountered Greek philosophy, and this confrontation was greatly influenced by the theological speculations of these authors. Unfortunately, most of the works of Middle Platonists are now lost, but the material that remains enable us to reconstruct the basic features of their thought.

The Franz Mayer Collection and the Rogerio Casas-Alatriste H. Library

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Miriam Velázquez Martínez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Decorative Arts ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
25Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Temporary Exhibitions

The existence of the Franz Mayer Museum is due to the German philanthropist and naturalized Mexican, Franz Gabriel Mayer Traumann Altschul (1882-1975), who bequeathed to the Mexican people his library and decorative arts collection. Considered the most important of its kind in the country, it includes works from the 16th through the 19th centuries, from America, Europe and Asia. It is located in Mexico City, in a building dating from the second half of the 16th century, and celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2011. The Library, which is open to researchers, is currently made up of around 22,000 volumes, and specializes in decorative arts and the history of Mexico in the 19th century, among other subjects. As well as displaying the Mayer Collection the Museum also presents temporary exhibitions on decorative arts, contemporary design and photography, while the library holds two exhibitions a year highlighting the bibliographic collections.

scholarly journals “Zurück zu Kant”

DoisPontos ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Ariel González Porta
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Historical Root ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

A filosofia alemã do século XIX posterior a Hegel está bastante estudada em três direções. A primeira, que surge da luta entre hegelianos de esquerda e direita, acaba por conduzir ao materialismo e ao marxismo; a segunda, que se expressa na vertente irracionalista e anti-sistemática, passa por Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard e Nietzsche; a terceira é constituída pelo neo-kantismo e suas derivações, cuja versão oficial teria suas raízes fincadas pelo famoso discurso inaugural de Zeller e pelo livro de Otto Liebmann, que deram o impulso ao movimento “Zurück zu Kant”. Em tal visão de conjunto, o grande ausente é um movimento contínuo, ainda quando irregular e multifacetado, que terminará conduzindo à filosofia contemporânea. Este movimento tem em Trendelenburg uma figura chave. É com suas “Investigações Lógicas” que se inicia a reformulação das relações entre filosofia e ciência e, neste sentido, o verdadeiro retorno a Kant. O fato de sua obra principal ter exatamente o mesmo nome que a coleção de ensaios temáticos de Frege, a obra de ruptura de Husserl e as dissertações de doutorado de Cohen, Dilthey e Brentano significa algo mais que curiosas coincidências. “Zurück zu Kant” (Adolf Trendelenburg the overcoming of idealism and the roots of contemporary philosophy) Abstract Considering history of philosophy as a whole, the two main traditions of thought from the 20th century (analytic and phenomenological-hermeneutic) can be regarded as being variants of one same fundamental turn. This systematic relation is connected to a common historical root. To highlight it implies to review the ideas that are deeply in the basis of the historiography of the German thought in the 19th century. Beyond names, problems and theses that may appear to have at first sight no relationship whatsoever, we can notice a continuous unitary development that has not yet received all the attention it deserves. In this movement, Adolf Trendelenburg stands out, once the beginners of both the abovementioned traditions and of neokantianism (Frege, Brentano, Dilthey and Cohen) received a decisive impulse from his reflections.

scholarly journals Changing Interpretations of Plotinus: The 18th-Century Introduction of the Concept of a ‘System of Philosophy’

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Catana
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Method Point

Abstract This article critically explores the history and nature of a hermeneutic assumption which frequently guided interpretations of Plotinus from the 18th century onwards, namely that Plotinus advanced a system of philosophy. It is argued that this assumption was introduced relatively late, in the 18th and 19th centuries, and that it was primarily made possible by Brucker’s methodology for the history of philosophy, dating from the 1740s, to which the concept of a ‘system of philosophy’ was essential. It is observed that the concept is absent from Ficino’s commentary from the 15th century, and that it remained absent in interpretations produced between the 15th and 18th centuries. It is also argued that the assumption of a ‘system of philosophy’ in Plotinus is historically incorrect—we do not find this concept in Plotinus’ writings, and his own statements about method point in other directions. Eduard Zeller (active in the second half of the 19th century) is typically regarded as the first to give a satisfying account of Plotinus’ philosophy as a whole. In this article, on the other hand, Zeller is seen as having finalised a tradition initiated in the 18th century. Very few Plotinus scholars have examined the interpretative development prior to Zeller. Schiavone (1952) and Bonetti (1971), for instance, have given little attention to Brucker’s introduction of the concept of a ‘system of philosophy’. The present analysis, then, has value for an understanding of Plotinus’ Enneads. It also explains why “pre-Bruckerian” interpretations of Plotinus appear alien to the modern reader; the analysis may even serve to make some sense of the hermeneutics employed by Renaissance Platonists and commentators, who are often eclipsed from the tradition of Platonism.

Baltic Sea

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Schnakenbourg
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the Early Modern era, the Baltic Sea was called the Nordic Mediterranean because of its unique outlet on the high seas and its narrowness. Like its southern counterpart, the Baltic is at the crossroads of several peoples and cultures. Also like the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic had different populations on each of its shores, yet in another way facilitated relations and became a space for interconnections. Throughout its history, peoples from Scandinavia, Poland, Germany, Russia, and the Baltic lands developed not only all sorts of peaceful relations and exchanges, but also competed with each other in long-lasting rivalries or military confrontations. Between the 16th century and the first half of the 19th century, the Baltic region experienced dramatic internal and external changes resulting from its ever-growing connections with the rest of Europe. Baltic issues, however, did not have the same importance for all the surrounding countries: it was the only horizon for Sweden, which enjoyed sovereignty over Finland until 1809, and the main horizon for Denmark, which ruled Norway until 1814. For Scandinavians, the Baltic Sea was a necessary interface for various kinds of exchanges with the external world, whether regional neighbors or continental Europe. In one way or another, the history of the Swedish and Danish kingdoms is interwoven with the history of the Baltic. Scandinavians devoted great attention to this neighboring sea for their shipping and trade, as well as for their security and political influence. The situation is somewhat similar for the Baltic provinces (Estonia, Livonia, and Ingria), which were always under foreign rule, first Swedish then Russian, in the Early Modern period. On the other side of the sea, for the German states, the Polish Republic, and the Russian Empire, the Baltic was simply one theater of foreign policy among others, even though its importance changed over time according to the political or economic context. As for commerce, while during the Middle Ages the Baltic region traded with the rest of Europe, starting in the 16th century, the situation changed as the continental economy shifted from the Mediterranean to the northwest. European population growth and the development of long-distance shipping and commerce meant increasing needs for grain and naval stores. This created new demand for Baltic economic resources and products and for transporting those exports. Consequently, new international rivalries and struggles occurred in the Baltic. At first, these conflicts were among the regional countries, but increasingly the main European powers as well. The Baltic Sea then became an important theater for European international politics, and almost every continental war had a Baltic component. The history of the Baltic Sea from the 16th century to the middle of the 19th century must be considered from two perspectives: first, relations among the regional countries and peoples; and second, relations with the world outside the Baltic, whether foreign powers and regions or even other seas, for political, military, and trade matters.

scholarly journals Der Himmel als Stimmungsbogen des Denkens über Tartu im Februar 1808

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Eduard Parhomenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi ◽  
Philosophical Doctrine

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Transformation der philosophischen Ansichten von Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1762--1842), welcher an der Universität Tartu als Professor für theoretische und praktische Philosophie (1802--1838) wirkte. In der Geschichte der Philosophie wurde er vor allem als der Herausgeber von Immanuel Kants Logik-Vorlesungen (1800) bekannt. Jäsches Auseinandersetzungen mit Spinozismus und Pantheismus sind aber ebenso beachtenswert (Der Pantheismus nach seinen verschiedenen Hauptformen I--III, 1826--1832). Im allgemeinen wird Jäsche als ein strenger, eben orthodoxer Anhänger Kants charakterisiert. Dabei wird allerdings der Einfluss der Philosophie Friedrich Heinrich Jacobis auf seinen Kantianismus angesprochen. Der Aufsatz untersucht hauptsächlich den Einfluss der Glaubensphilosophie Jacobis, darunter seiner Kritik des Spinozismus und Pantheismus, auf die Verwandlung der Philosophie Jäsches zum Ende des ersten Jahrzehnts des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf das Manuskript Liebe und Glaube. Es handelt sich hierbei um ein eigenartiges Denktagebuch, veranlasst durch den frühzeitigen Tod von Jäsches Frau Sally im Februar 1808. Jäsche versucht dort den Tod seiner Frau und die dadurch hervorgerufene seelische und philosophische Krise zu überwinden. Entscheidend ist hierbei, dass Jäsche, beim Versuch den Tod seiner Frau anhand der Philosophie Kants zu durchdenken, scheiterte, da die Philosophie Kants die übernatürliche Erfahrung, der Jäsche unmittelbar nach dem Tod seiner Frau teilhaftig wurde, nicht erklären konnte. Den Ausweg findet Jäsche durch die Glaubensphilosophie Jacobis. Im allgemeinen lässt sich sagen, dass Jäsches philosophische Ansichten im Rahmen der Philosophie Kants blieben, obwohl es im konkreten Falle nicht allein um eine Verschiebung von Akzenten geht, sondern um eine beträchtliche Umdeutung der zentralen Konzepte der Philosophie Kants.   This paper focuses on the transformation of the philosophical views of Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1762--1842), professor of theoretical and practical philosophy at Tartu University (1802--1838). In the history of philosophy, Jäsche is known as a compiler and publisher of Immanuel Kant's handbook of lectures on logic (1800). His critique of Spinozism and pantheism is also noteworthy (Der Pantheismus nach seinen verschiedenen Hauptformen I-III, 1826--1832). Jäsche was characterised as a rather strict, even orthodox disciple of Kant's philosophy. However, it was noticed that his Kantianism was influenced by the philosophy of Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. This paper mainly examines the meaning of Jacobi's philosophical doctrine of belief or faith (Glaube), including the meaning of the criticism of Spinozism and pantheism during the turn in Jäsche's philosophy at the end of the first decade of the 19th century. The analysis focuses on one of Jäsche's manuscript works, entitled Liebe und Glaube (Love and Faith). This is a peculiar spiritual diary, the writing of which was induced by the death of Jäsche's wife, Sally in February 1808. In his diary Jäsche tries to explicate the tragedy and through it to overcome the spiritual as well as philosophical crisis that assailed him as a consequence of his wife's untimely death. The fact that Kant's philosophy did not help Jäsche cope with his wife's death became decisive, because through Kantianism he was unable to find a philosophical explication of the supernatural experience that he had lived through. Jäsche emerges from the bind thanks to Jacobi's philosophy of belief. Although, broadly speaking, Jäsche remained within in the framework of Kant's philosophy, this was not merely a matter of making small adjustments and shifting emphases, but rather entailed a thorough reconsideration of central notions of Kant's philosophy.

scholarly journals Contribution of Abu Isa Tirmidhi to the Science of Hadith

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 593-599
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
The West ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Indeed, the hadiths are one of the topics that have been causing extensive discussions in the West since the 19th century. Many western scholars believe that the hadiths were fabricated and they have no historical significance. At the same time, there are many researchers who totally reject these views. Most researchers, in particular, Ignaz Goldziher, Schacht denied most hadiths and they claimed that hadiths have no historical significance. According to them, rulers and jurists all fabricated ḥadiths to reinforce their legal views or to validate already-existing practices. Other groups of scholars, such as John Burton, Motzki, and N.Abbot, admit the hadiths as reliable sources after the Qur'an. The superficial conclusions of Western scholars have been denied by Muslim researchers by F.Sezgin, Abu Shuhba, al-Marsafi, al-A’zami, Maloush on the basis of historical facts. However, scholars on both sides have not seriously objected to “al-Kitab as-Sitta” which translates as “The Authentic Six”. The six major hadith collections (“Sahih Bukhari”, collected by Imam Bukhari , “Sahih Muslim, collected by Muslim b. al-Hajjaj, “Sunan Abu Dawood”, collected by Abu Dawood , “Jami al-Tirmidhi”, collected by al-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Sughra, collected by al-Nasa'i, Sunan ibn Majah, collected by Ibn Majah have been considered as valuable source on the history of Islam. “Jami al-Tirmidhi” plays an important role among them. Some researchers think this work second or third vital source after “Sahih Bukhari”. In the article, the life of hadith scholars, his scientific legacy, structure and importance of “Jami al-Tirmidhi”, special style of Abu Isa Tirmidhi in hadith methodology, opinions of other scholars on this work, differences between Imam Bukhari and Imam Tirmidhi on writing and selecting hadiths and legal issues of them will be discussed.

scholarly journals La botica del monasterio cisterciense de Santa María de La Oliva (Navarra)

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-197
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Garde
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Monastic Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Taking Care

RESUMEN Este trabajo recupera la historia de la botica del monasterio cisterciense de La Oliva desde su fundación en el siglo xvi hasta su definitiva desaparición en el xix. Aunque nada queda de aquella botica, los documentos acreditan que tuvo un desarrollo y funcionamiento acorde con la importancia de la abadía, atendiendo la salud de la comunidad monástica y de sus criados, así como de los vecinos de varios pueblos colindantes y otras personas necesitadas. Finalmente se transcribe y analiza el inventario de fármacos y efectos de la botica, confiscados y entregados al Cuerpo de Sanidad Militar (Farmacia) en 1836 tras la desamortización de Mendizábal. LABURPENA Lan honek La Olivako monasterio zistertarreko botikaren historia berreskuratzen du, xvi. mendean sortu zenetik xix. mendean behin betiko desagertu zen arte. Botika haren ezer geratzen ez den arren, dokumentuek frogatzen dute abadiaren garrantziaren araberako garapena eta funtzionamendua izan zuela, komunitate monastikoaren eta haren morroien osasuna zainduz, baita inguruko herrietako bizilagunena eta beste pertsona behartsu batzuena ere. Azkenik, Mendizabalen desamortizazioaren ondoren 1836an konfiskatu eta Farmazia Militarrari emandako botiken eta botikako gauzen inbentarioa transkribatzen eta aztertzen da. ABSTRACT This paper retrieves the history of the apothecary of the Cistercian monastery of La Oliva since its establishment in the 16th century until its final disappearance in the 19th century. Nothing remains of that apothecary but some documents prove that it had a development and was operated in accordance with the importance of the abbey, by taking care of the health of the monastic community and its servants, as well as of the neighbours of several neighbouring towns and other needy people Finally, the inventory of drugs and effects of the apothecary is transcribed and analyzed, confiscated and delivered to the Military Pharmacy in 1836 after the confiscation of Mendizábal.

scholarly journals Comparative historical analysis of the foundation of classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century: Russian and international experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 135-161
Author(s):  
A. N. Dzhurinskiy ◽  
N. V. Troshkova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Education System ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The West ◽  
Russian School ◽  
Classical Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Russian Education

Introduction. Improving the theory and practice of modern school dictates the need to take into account the historical and pedagogical heritage. There is a request for an in-depth and unbiased review of the history of Russian education and training. The search for effective pedagogical solutions actualises the appeal to the historical experience of Russian pedagogy, to the ideas and practices of classical education, which undeservedly remain outside the field of vision of Russian scholars and reformers of the modern Russian school.Aim and main research questions. The aim of the present research is to study the genesis of the Russian classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century. The study is an attempt at a dialogue with the past of Russian education, prompted by the intention to look into its future.This research work involves the analysis of the issues related to social and pedagogical factors, events in the process of the foundation and development of the Russian gymnasium as a new type of educational institution, and the comparison of its genesis with similar educational institutions in the West, taking into account the current problems of Russian school and education.The hypothesis of the research consists in scientific argumentation of the assessments of the foundation of the Russian classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century as a qualitatively new and important phenomenon of Russian education, which significantly influenced the further development of the Russian school.Methodology and research methods. The object of the study is the education system in Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century, and its subject is the classical gymnasium education of the indicated period. The foundation of a classical gymnasium is studied on the basis of the methodology of history of pedagogy and comparative pedagogy. The main methodological principles of historical and pedagogical science were taken into account – objectivity, historicism, comprehensiveness and consistency. In accordance with the methodology of objective positivism, the authors have made an attempt to scientifically understand and generalise the research findings and phenomena. The formulation of scientific ideas and judgments also required an appeal to the philosophy of relativism. The implementation of the methodology of comparative pedagogy provided for the search for similarities and differences, common and specific in the experience of the Russian classical gymnasium and secondary educational institutions of classical education in the West in the first quarter of the 19th century.When choosing research methods, the authors conducted the analysis of the presentation range of documents. The authors analysed more than 20 previously unpublished and unknown sources of archival holdings of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg). Also, the authors analysed the Russian and foreign research papers published from the 19th century to the early 21st century.Research results. The genesis of the classical Russian gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century is presented for the first time in a holistic form: the establishment of a gymnasium under the Charter of 1804, the contribution of S. S. Uvarov to the creation of a classical gymnasium and his experiment in the St. Petersburg provincial gymnasium of 1811, the curriculum of gymnasiums of 1819, the official policy as a factor in the development of classical education. The authors compared the genesis of the Russian classical gymnasium and institutions of classical secondary education in the West in the first quarter of the 19th century.The research results demonstrate that the researched period was the key for the foundation of the classical Russian pre-revolutionary gymnasium. In Russia, a new sector of the education system was created, being in tune with the European pedagogical trends of the era. A shift of the Russian gymnasium by the end of the first quarter of the 19th century away from the encyclopedic curriculum of the beginning of the century to the strengthening of classicism was identified. The similarities and differences of the processes of its foundation compared to the genesis of complete general education in the West, especially in Prussia, are shown.Practical and scientific significance. The possibilities of updating the experience of Russian classical education in modern conditions are outlined. Turning to such experience allows us to more successfully solve not only the specific problems of the revived gymnasiums and gymnasium classes in modern Russia, but also, in general, to comprehend the prospects of classical education in the post-industrial era.

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