Historical roots of entrepreneurship in different regional contexts—the case of Poland

Entrepreneurship is often found to be highly persistent over time. Although the historical roots of persisting effects of entrepreneurship are partially uncovered, their mechanisms remained largely unclear. To understand the historical roots of contemporaneous regional entrepreneurship, we exploit different types of historical self-employment in regions of Poland, a country that experienced different types of disruptive developments. In contrast to previous studies on other countries, we do not find a persistent effect of the general level of historical private sector self-employment. There is, however, a pronounced positive relationship between high regional levels of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship in the 1920s and current start-up activity in general, even in areas where large parts of the local population were displaced after World War II. We find that the magnitude of this effect is independent of the mobility and an exchange of the local population. Our main conclusion is that the historical regional knowledge stock, as reflected by knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship, can be an important and stable historical root of modern entrepreneurship despite disruptive historical shocks and population discontinuities.

An Ecocritical Perspective on the Vital Forces of Decay

The modern decadent tradition began to form around the same time that ecology emerged as a recognized scientific field. The essentialist biologism at the historical root of decadence meshed with the interest that cultural theorists and artists of the nineteenth century had in models of society as an organically coherent, self-regulating system. Turning to conceptions of decay in Charles Baudelaire’s poetry and Oscar Wilde’s novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890/1891), this article addresses the authors’ ecological understanding of themselves as humans and as artists, and of the place of decadent aesthetics within the biological world itself. This essay foregrounds not the scientific knowledge the authors had regarding decay, fungi, or rot, but the ontological perspective through which ecological models of engagement and influence permeate their decadent works.

Politik Negara atas Agama

Abstrak Diskriminasi adalah fakta yang masih menjadi permasalahan serius di Indonesia. Baik pada ranah politik, hukum maupun sosial. Diskriminasi masih terus terjadi meskipun berbagai upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengatasinya mulai dari penguatan perangkat hukum, advokasi hingga pendidikan di masyarakat. Hal ini melahirkan dugaan kuat bahwa diskriminasi sulit hilang karena telah mengakar dalam sistem dan budaya hukum kita. Dengan pendekatan sejarah dan hukum, kajian ini memaparkan berbagai produk hukum mulai dari konstitusi negara, Undang-undang hingga peraturan-peraturan hukum yang paling rendah, menyangkut kehidupan beragama sejak masa Hindia Belanda, proklamasi kemerdekaan hingga era reformasi sekarang ini. Berbagai produk hukum tersebut akan dipaparkan secara kronologis untuk mencari keterkaitan satu sama lain sehingga terbangun peta pemikiran yang komprehensif mengenai kebijakan diskriminatif yang masih terjadi saat ini. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa diskriminasi ternyata memiliki latar historis, di mana munculnya berbagai kebijakan diskriminatif negara terhadap kelompok-kelompok minoritas agama di Indonesia adalah buah dari politik kolonial yang masih bertahan hingga kini. Abstract Discrimination has still become a serious problem in Indonesia. Discrimination continues to occur in some aspects such as in the political, legal and social levels despite various efforts have been made to overcome it by strengthening the legal norms, advocacy and education in the community. This problem has triggered a strong presumption that it has been entrenched in our legal system and culture. By historical and law approach, the study investiagates some regulations regarding religious life since colonial era to the recent reformation era, including Constitution, laws and policies in the lower level. Those regulations will be elaborated in chronoliga order to find out some correlations among each other, so that we have a comprehensive map of thinking about the discriminatory policies that still occurs today. This study reveals that discrimination has a historical root to the colonial politics that remain influencial to the state policies in the present situation.

Digital Piety and the Transformation of Political Activism of Youth Hijrah Movement

This paper explains about hijrah, a popular term among urban youths; it refers not only religious, but also political transformation. This activity has been growing massively in the urban area through the internet and in the short after the fall of Soeharto regime where democracy and the technology has become more developed. Digitally, hijrah shapes the narration of being pious, religious and modern-fashionable look. Taking the data from field observation on the hijrah event and following the digital media, this paper attempts to investigate the historical root of hijrah and how the youth utilize modern technology to visualize and share their narration on being politically pious. Borrowing the idea from Birgit Meyer and Bayat about visualization and post-Islamism, this paper has found that although hijrah narration is close to fundamental religious activism and politically promotes Islamic political system, but the agenda has not succeeded. However, hijrah activity is successful in engaging youth through the events such as; sharing session, gathering, book review, festival and preaching which are specifically designed for youths.الملخص: يتناول هذا البحث عن الهجرة وهي مصطلح شائع بين شباب الحضر. ولا يشير هذا الموضوع الى التغير الديني ، بل حتى التغير السياسي. وازدهرت أنشطة الهجرة بعد سقوط سوهارتو بسرعة فائقة وكذلك الديموقراطية والتكنولوجيا . وكونت الهجرة في العالم الرقمي التقوى والدين والحداثة ايضا . آخذا المعلومات من المنهج الميداني مع تتبع الوسائل الهجرة الرقمية، تحاول هذا البحث التحقق عن جذور التاريخ وكيفية تعامل الشباب مع التكنولوجيا المعاصرة لتصور المسائل ونشر الروايات حول موضوع الصالح . نستعير فكر بيرجير ماير وبيات حول التصورية وما بعد الاسلامية ، تكشف هذا البحث موضوع الهجرة قريبة الى جذروية الدينية و من سياسيتها الى السياسية الشرعية ولكن لا تسير هذه الانشطة على ما يرام. ومن نا حية أخرى ، تربط انشطة الهجرة مع الشباب كالمناقشات والمحاضرات ومراجعة الكتب والتجمعات ترابطا وطيدا وناجحا لأنها خصصت مصممة للشبابAbstrak: Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang hijrah. Sebuah terma yang popular di kalangan anak muda urban. Terma ini tidak hanya merujuk pada istilah akan perubahan keagamaan, tetapi juga perubahan politik. Aktifitas hijrah tumbuh pesat setelah runtuhnya regime Soeharto dimana demokrasi dan perkembangan teknologi semakin maju. Hijrah dalam dunia digital juga membentuk narasi akan kesalehan, keagamaan, dan modernitas. Penelitian ini mengambil data dari observasi lapangan serta mengikuti media digital hijrah. Tulisan ini berusaha menginvestigasi akar sejarah dari hijrah dan bagaimana anak-anak muda menggunakan teknologi modern untuk memvisualisasikan dan menyebarkan narasi tentang kesalihan. Meminjam ide dari Birgit Meyer dan Bayat tentang visualisasi dan post-Islamism, tulisan ini mengungkap bahwa meskipun narasi hijrah itu sangat dekat dengan fundamentalisme agama dan secara politis mendukung sistem politik berlandaskan Islam akan tetapi agenda ini tidak berjalan dengan baik. Sebaliknya, aktifitas hijrah yang mengikat anak muda melalui berbagai event seperti, sesi diskusi, gathering, bedah buku, festival, dan ceramah keagamaan telah sukses mengikat anak muda karena aktifitas itu secara khusus didesain untuk anak muda)

A Genealogy of ‘Ilal Al-Hadîth Study (Tracing the Historical Root Gene of Existence and Development The Study of ‘Ilal Al-Hadith)

As a branch of the Hadith’s discipline, the study of ‘Ilal al-Hadîth must have a historical root gene that cannot separate from the figure’s intellection and ideas. The author will examine the emergence and development of that knowledge through this article, together with the paradigm shift in numbers seen from the practice of ta’lîl. In terms of tracking and analysis, the authors use genealogical theory. The results showed that the science of ‘Ilal al-Hadîth was the formulation of rules extracted from the practice of ta’lîl that existed during the companions of the Prophet. This practice documented in the second and third centuries of Hijriyah, then formulated as a scientific discipline in the fourth century to the new century. From the development of this knowledge, it can be illustrated by a pattern of shifting perspectives towards ‘illah, from defects that are general and evident, to special notes, which are not clear and found in the Hadith that seem authentic

The Relationship of Medical Sociology to Sociological Theory: Its Historical Root, Contributions and Contemporary Development

The nexus of this study was to examine the Relationship of Medical Sociology to Sociological Theory, its historical root, contributions and Contemporary Development. Medical sociology is a relatively new sub-discipline of the general field of sociology; today medical sociologists comprise one of the largest groups of sociologists in the world. Medical sociology began with a different orientation when compared to sociology’s “core” fields. Unlike religion, law, politics, modes of economic production, and basic social processes, medicine was ignored by sociology’s early theorists because it was not an institution shaping society. Medical sociology did not come of age until the late 1940s and early 1950s in an intellectual climate far different from sociology’s traditional specialties with direct roots in nineteenth century social thought. Consequently, medical sociology evolved in circumstances dissimilar to those of most other sociological sub-disciplines. The notion that medical sociology is theoretical is wrong. Thus, this paper has provided a brief account of the history and variety of viewpoints in sociological theory that have been utilized within the field of medical sociology and has provided influential statements on the relationship between society and health. Beginning with Parsons and structural functionalism, medical sociology in reality has a rich theoretical tradition spanning almost 60 years and incorporating the work of both classical and contemporary theorists.

Wetu Telu in Bayan Lombok: Dialectic of Islam and Local Culture

Islam reached Lombok Island in the sixteenth century, approximately in 1545, which was brought by SunanGiri, the son of SunanPrapen, one of the prominent Islamic preachers known as Wali Songo, through an expedition from Java. Prior to its arrival in the Island, according to some historians, the indigenous Sasak (the indigenous people of Lombok) embraced a traditional belief known as Boda. Historically, since its establishment, Islam has perpetually been expanding despite facing some distinct and contradictory values of local tradition and culture, which leads to a kind of dialectical process and turns in what is known as local Islam such as Islam WetuTelu in Bayan, West Lombok. This article is aimed at revealing the historical root of religious identity of Sasak community. The historical sketch of its religious identity produces a combination of traditional, cultural and religious values of the comers with those of the indigenous people in the past, WetuTelu religion. Present Muslims in Lombok assume that the existence of traditional Islam is due to an incomplete process of Islamization in the Island.