Dominants, Subdominants, and Recedents: A Formal Analysis of Transformations in the Canonical Representation of 19th Century German Philosophy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 173-206
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Canonical Representation ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Distant Reading ◽  
German Philosophy ◽  
Original Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
Visualization Techniques

The history of philosophy was a persistent interest in 19th century Germany. Ulrich Schneider lists 148 original works in the history of philosophy by 114 authors published from 1810 through 1899. The scale of this historiographic tradition makes it suitable for analysis through digital humanities techniques (“distant reading,” formal analysis, and innovative visualizations). This paper uses that body of publications to show how the canon of the history of German philosophy in the 19th century was formed and how it evolved. In order to uncover patterns in the attention devoted to particular 19th century philosophers, the authors undertook a formal analysis of 77 tables of contents from German textbooks in the history of philosophy. They used the results of their analysis to classify philosophers into three groups with metaphorical labels drawn from ecology: dominant, subdominant, and recedent. In addition to confirming the dominance of the “Big Four” (Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel), the analysis provides a more nuanced picture of the period under consideration. For example, during the 1830s and 1840s, opinions about the significance of certain philosophers became highly polarized. In some textbooks Johann Friedrich Herbart was completely ignored, while in others his ideas were explored in more pages than those of Hegel. Kant’s writings attracted increasing attention after 1860. His share of pages increased as the number devoted to most other philosophers was dwindling. Fichte, Schelling and Hegel lose nearly half of their pages and fall closer to the subdominant category that included Herbart, Schleiermacher, and Schopenhauer. Original visualization techniques provide a graphical representation of the changes in the canon of 19th century German philosophy.

Spiritual Crisis of the Beginning of the 20th Century: From Philosophical to Religious Interpretations

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Koltsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
German Philosophy ◽  
Religious Consciousness ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
Spiritual Crisis ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The One

The paper is an attempt to narrow down the notion of spiritual crisis which is now widely applied in research on history of culture of the 19th–20th centuries, with respect to history of German philosophy and observation of modern reli­giosity. The shift from the history of philosophy to the religious context is ful­filled through analysis of texts of two religious thinkers, A. Reinach and S. Frank, whose thought clearly demonstrates strong interconnection between the both fields. Analysis of contemporary studies on history of phenomenological philos­ophy (C. Möckel and W. Gleixner) lets firstly observe ways of application of Koselleck’s notion of crisis to investigations in the history of philosophy. Sec­ondly it discovers two possibilities of philosophical contextualization of the con­cept of spiritual crisis – on the one hand, as a constituent rhetorical element of the philosophical statement (Möckel), on the other hand, as a term which de­scribes the uniqueness of an intellectual situation of the beginning of the 20thcentury (Gleixner). Then these aspects of the rhetoric of crisis are applied to reli­gious philosophy of Reinach and Frank, what leads to interpretation of their works as a particular statement discovering the divine (or the holy) as a new cat­egory of religious consciousness.

scholarly journals Konstantin Stepanovich Veselovskii. To the 200th anniversary of his birth

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
O. V. Chernitsova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Russian Soil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Atlas

The paper considers the contribution of K.S. Veselovskii (20.05.1819–03.11.1901), the Russian statistician of the 19th century, to the development of geographical science. Compiled under his editorship and with his direct participation, the Economic-Statistical Atlas of the European Russia, the first Russian economic atlas, summarized key information on agriculture as the basis for the Russian economy of the mid-19th century. The method of graphical representation of statistical data on the maps of the Atlas was innovative and contributed to the development of world cartography. The history of compiling the earliest Russian soil map is discussed in detail. The map depicted the geographical patterns of soil distribution in European Russia and their relation to climate. The generalized map was included in the Economic-Statistical Atlas and it became the first soil map of the country in the world. The study “On the Climate of Russia,” in which K.S. Veselovskii collected and critically processed all available observations of air temperature, winds and precipitation played a significant role in the development of geographical science. The role of K.S. Veselovskii in the organization of meteorological observations in Russia is also shown.

Middle Platonism

Classics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Bonazzi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Theological Interpretation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Platonic Tradition

The term “Middle Platonism” was created in the 19th century ce to distinguish this movement from the later tradition known as “Neoplatonism.” Both terms, however, are misleading and would have been rejected by the ancients; neither “Middle Platonists” would have accepted that they were an intermediate step in the history of Platonism nor would “Neoplatonists” have agreed that they were introducing anything new in the Platonic tradition. However, it is true that Early Imperial Platonism differs in basic ways from Late Antique Platonism, and both labels continue to be used for the sake of clarity. In short, Middle Platonism conventionally refers to a group of philosophers from the 1st century bce to the 3rd century ce who may be described as Platonists by virtue of their allegiance to a nucleus of Platonic doctrines. More precisely, this allegiance can be presented as the attempt to develop a systematic and theological interpretation of Plato’s philosophy. This suffices to prove its importance, philosophically and historically, for two reasons: (1) because the commitment to the view that Plato’s philosophy can be reduced to a system proved very influential in the history of philosophy, and (2) because in this period monotheistic religions such as Judaism and Christianity first encountered Greek philosophy, and this confrontation was greatly influenced by the theological speculations of these authors. Unfortunately, most of the works of Middle Platonists are now lost, but the material that remains enable us to reconstruct the basic features of their thought.

scholarly journals “Zurück zu Kant”

DoisPontos ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Ariel González Porta
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Historical Root ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

A filosofia alemã do século XIX posterior a Hegel está bastante estudada em três direções. A primeira, que surge da luta entre hegelianos de esquerda e direita, acaba por conduzir ao materialismo e ao marxismo; a segunda, que se expressa na vertente irracionalista e anti-sistemática, passa por Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard e Nietzsche; a terceira é constituída pelo neo-kantismo e suas derivações, cuja versão oficial teria suas raízes fincadas pelo famoso discurso inaugural de Zeller e pelo livro de Otto Liebmann, que deram o impulso ao movimento “Zurück zu Kant”. Em tal visão de conjunto, o grande ausente é um movimento contínuo, ainda quando irregular e multifacetado, que terminará conduzindo à filosofia contemporânea. Este movimento tem em Trendelenburg uma figura chave. É com suas “Investigações Lógicas” que se inicia a reformulação das relações entre filosofia e ciência e, neste sentido, o verdadeiro retorno a Kant. O fato de sua obra principal ter exatamente o mesmo nome que a coleção de ensaios temáticos de Frege, a obra de ruptura de Husserl e as dissertações de doutorado de Cohen, Dilthey e Brentano significa algo mais que curiosas coincidências. “Zurück zu Kant” (Adolf Trendelenburg the overcoming of idealism and the roots of contemporary philosophy) Abstract Considering history of philosophy as a whole, the two main traditions of thought from the 20th century (analytic and phenomenological-hermeneutic) can be regarded as being variants of one same fundamental turn. This systematic relation is connected to a common historical root. To highlight it implies to review the ideas that are deeply in the basis of the historiography of the German thought in the 19th century. Beyond names, problems and theses that may appear to have at first sight no relationship whatsoever, we can notice a continuous unitary development that has not yet received all the attention it deserves. In this movement, Adolf Trendelenburg stands out, once the beginners of both the abovementioned traditions and of neokantianism (Frege, Brentano, Dilthey and Cohen) received a decisive impulse from his reflections.

scholarly journals Changing Interpretations of Plotinus: The 18th-Century Introduction of the Concept of a ‘System of Philosophy’

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Catana
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Method Point

Abstract This article critically explores the history and nature of a hermeneutic assumption which frequently guided interpretations of Plotinus from the 18th century onwards, namely that Plotinus advanced a system of philosophy. It is argued that this assumption was introduced relatively late, in the 18th and 19th centuries, and that it was primarily made possible by Brucker’s methodology for the history of philosophy, dating from the 1740s, to which the concept of a ‘system of philosophy’ was essential. It is observed that the concept is absent from Ficino’s commentary from the 15th century, and that it remained absent in interpretations produced between the 15th and 18th centuries. It is also argued that the assumption of a ‘system of philosophy’ in Plotinus is historically incorrect—we do not find this concept in Plotinus’ writings, and his own statements about method point in other directions. Eduard Zeller (active in the second half of the 19th century) is typically regarded as the first to give a satisfying account of Plotinus’ philosophy as a whole. In this article, on the other hand, Zeller is seen as having finalised a tradition initiated in the 18th century. Very few Plotinus scholars have examined the interpretative development prior to Zeller. Schiavone (1952) and Bonetti (1971), for instance, have given little attention to Brucker’s introduction of the concept of a ‘system of philosophy’. The present analysis, then, has value for an understanding of Plotinus’ Enneads. It also explains why “pre-Bruckerian” interpretations of Plotinus appear alien to the modern reader; the analysis may even serve to make some sense of the hermeneutics employed by Renaissance Platonists and commentators, who are often eclipsed from the tradition of Platonism.

scholarly journals The Production of the Landfras Printing Works and Publishing House in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 154-176
Author(s):  
Štěpánka Běhalová
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Folk Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
The 19Th Century

The activities of the Landfras printing works and the associated publishing house are an important part of the history of book culture in the Czech lands in the 19th century and form a significant chapter in the history of book printing and publishing in this period. The focus of the production of the printing works and the publishing house reflected the new needs of literate broad social classes in the 19th century, showing increased interest in the printed word. The company used the modern methods and technologies available, which reduced the price of the final book or other printed materials. For publication, it selected titles whose sales were guaranteed or at least expected. The result was the repeated printing of a number of titles of religious, educational and entertainment literature, which had already been popular in previous centuries, and the development of contemporary titles for the general public from both urban and rural areas. For centuries, great popularity was mainly enjoyed by the titles of religious folk literature (Himmelschlüssel prayer books by the theologian Martin von Cochem and other prayer and devotional books), in which Baroque Catholic piety was reflected until the late 19th century. To the original Himmelschlüssel and other traditional titles, the printing works added titles of its regular authors and their translations of contemporary prayer and religious literature. It complemented the titles of secular entertainment literature (reprints of original works, e.g. Kronika o Štilfridovi [The Chronicle of Štilfríd] or Kronika sedmi mudrců [The Chronicle of the Seven Wise Men]) with translations and original works by Jan Hýbl and Václav Rodomil Kramerius, and it also printed moralising stories by local priests. Educational literature, such as guides for homesteaders, cooks and the like sold also well. A separate activity section comprises the publication and printing of textbooks mostly for local schools. Until the end of the 19th century, they were abundantly complemented by printed broadsides, affordable to every household. A significant chapter of the 19th century was the development of periodicals, which was mirrored in the second half of that century also in newly emerging regional titles, especially in the weekly Ohlas od Nežárky [Echoes from the River Nežárka], which began to be published in 1871.

scholarly journals Der Himmel als Stimmungsbogen des Denkens über Tartu im Februar 1808

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Eduard Parhomenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi ◽  
Philosophical Doctrine

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Transformation der philosophischen Ansichten von Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1762--1842), welcher an der Universität Tartu als Professor für theoretische und praktische Philosophie (1802--1838) wirkte. In der Geschichte der Philosophie wurde er vor allem als der Herausgeber von Immanuel Kants Logik-Vorlesungen (1800) bekannt. Jäsches Auseinandersetzungen mit Spinozismus und Pantheismus sind aber ebenso beachtenswert (Der Pantheismus nach seinen verschiedenen Hauptformen I--III, 1826--1832). Im allgemeinen wird Jäsche als ein strenger, eben orthodoxer Anhänger Kants charakterisiert. Dabei wird allerdings der Einfluss der Philosophie Friedrich Heinrich Jacobis auf seinen Kantianismus angesprochen. Der Aufsatz untersucht hauptsächlich den Einfluss der Glaubensphilosophie Jacobis, darunter seiner Kritik des Spinozismus und Pantheismus, auf die Verwandlung der Philosophie Jäsches zum Ende des ersten Jahrzehnts des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf das Manuskript Liebe und Glaube. Es handelt sich hierbei um ein eigenartiges Denktagebuch, veranlasst durch den frühzeitigen Tod von Jäsches Frau Sally im Februar 1808. Jäsche versucht dort den Tod seiner Frau und die dadurch hervorgerufene seelische und philosophische Krise zu überwinden. Entscheidend ist hierbei, dass Jäsche, beim Versuch den Tod seiner Frau anhand der Philosophie Kants zu durchdenken, scheiterte, da die Philosophie Kants die übernatürliche Erfahrung, der Jäsche unmittelbar nach dem Tod seiner Frau teilhaftig wurde, nicht erklären konnte. Den Ausweg findet Jäsche durch die Glaubensphilosophie Jacobis. Im allgemeinen lässt sich sagen, dass Jäsches philosophische Ansichten im Rahmen der Philosophie Kants blieben, obwohl es im konkreten Falle nicht allein um eine Verschiebung von Akzenten geht, sondern um eine beträchtliche Umdeutung der zentralen Konzepte der Philosophie Kants.   This paper focuses on the transformation of the philosophical views of Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1762--1842), professor of theoretical and practical philosophy at Tartu University (1802--1838). In the history of philosophy, Jäsche is known as a compiler and publisher of Immanuel Kant's handbook of lectures on logic (1800). His critique of Spinozism and pantheism is also noteworthy (Der Pantheismus nach seinen verschiedenen Hauptformen I-III, 1826--1832). Jäsche was characterised as a rather strict, even orthodox disciple of Kant's philosophy. However, it was noticed that his Kantianism was influenced by the philosophy of Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. This paper mainly examines the meaning of Jacobi's philosophical doctrine of belief or faith (Glaube), including the meaning of the criticism of Spinozism and pantheism during the turn in Jäsche's philosophy at the end of the first decade of the 19th century. The analysis focuses on one of Jäsche's manuscript works, entitled Liebe und Glaube (Love and Faith). This is a peculiar spiritual diary, the writing of which was induced by the death of Jäsche's wife, Sally in February 1808. In his diary Jäsche tries to explicate the tragedy and through it to overcome the spiritual as well as philosophical crisis that assailed him as a consequence of his wife's untimely death. The fact that Kant's philosophy did not help Jäsche cope with his wife's death became decisive, because through Kantianism he was unable to find a philosophical explication of the supernatural experience that he had lived through. Jäsche emerges from the bind thanks to Jacobi's philosophy of belief. Although, broadly speaking, Jäsche remained within in the framework of Kant's philosophy, this was not merely a matter of making small adjustments and shifting emphases, but rather entailed a thorough reconsideration of central notions of Kant's philosophy.

scholarly journals Numerus surdus y armonía musical. Sobre el temperamento igual y el fin del reinado pitagórico de los números

2021 ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Lianggi Espinoza ◽  
Juan Redmond ◽  
Pablo César Palacios Torres ◽  
Ismael Cortez Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The West ◽  
String Instruments ◽  
Equal Temperament ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe development of philosophical ideas throughout history has sometimes been assisted by the use of handcrafted instruments. Some paradigmatic cases, such as the invention of the telescope or the microscope, show that many philosophical approaches have been the result of the intervention of such instruments. The aim of this article is to show the determining role that stringed musical instruments with frets had in the crisis and generation of philosophical paradigms. In fact, just as the observations of the moon with the telescope broke more than a thousand years of Aristotelian hegemony, the fretted string instruments, predecessors of the guitar, played a central role in the collapse of one of the most influential approaches in the history of Philosophy: Pythagorism. We focus on the fundamental hallmarks of Pythagorism and on how, during the 16th century and from the fretted string instruments, the mathematical-musical notion of equal temperament emerged, which from the middle of the 19th century will be established as the prevailing philosophical-musical paradigm of the West.

scholarly journals Marx the Fichtean

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-137
Author(s):  
Tom Rockmore
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
German Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Contribution

We ignore the history of philosophy at our peril. Engels, who typically conflates Marx and Marxism, points to the relation of Marxism to the tradition while also denying it. In his little book on Feuerbach, Engels depicts Feuerbach as leading Marx away from Hegel, away from classical German philosophy, away from philosophy and towards materialism and science. This view suggests that Marx is at best negatively related to Classical German philosophy, including Hegel. Yet Engels elsewhere suggests that Marx belongs to the classical German philosophical tradition. In the preface to Socialism, Utopian and Scientific, Engels wrote: “We German socialists are proud that we trace our descent not only from Saint Simon, Fourier and Owen, but also from Kant, Fichte and Hegel” (Marx & Engels, Collected Works). In this paper I will focus on Marx’s relation to Fichte. This relation is rarely mentioned in the Marxist debate, but I will argue, it is crucial for the formulation of Marx’s position, and hence for assessing his contribution accurately. One of the results of this study will be to indicate that Marx, in reacting against Hegel, did not, as is often suggested, ‘leave’ philosophy, but in fact made a crucial philosophical contribution.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document