scholarly journals The Origin of Labour Camp Theme in A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s Works: from Poetry to The Gulag Archipelago

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-263
Author(s):  
Nadezhda I. Glukhova ◽  
Nellya M. Shchedrina
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
First Time ◽  
Labour Camp ◽  
Gulag Archipelago

In the present article A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s poetic works and The Gulag Archipelago are analyzed, their proximity and thematic kinship are revealed. The authors appeal to the creative history of these works, remark that poems and parts of the Archipelago are arranged according to a certain pattern. Both in poetry and prose, Solzhenitsyn reveals the path taken by Soviet convicts. Camps for political prisoners and I.V. Stalin’s death take significant place in his works. A.I. Solzhenitsyn is particularly interested in the unity of heroes with nature, communion with it as with an attribute of free people’s life. The writer claims that the camp may become a starting point for spiritual resurrection of a human being. Metaphorization as one of the artistic elements is used for the first time in lyrics to reveal the image of Russia. The authors conclude that the camp theme arose during Solzhenitsyn’s imprisonment and was first expressed in lyrics and the narrative poem Dorozhen’ka. The Gulag Archipelago was formed later not only from the personal experience of the author but also from numerous materials and evidence of eyewitnesses.

scholarly journals The Origin of Labour Camp Theme in A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s Works: from Poetry to The Gulag Archipelago

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-263
Author(s):  
Nadezhda I. Glukhova ◽  
Nellya M. Shchedrina
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
First Time ◽  
Labour Camp ◽  
Gulag Archipelago

In the present article A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s poetic works and The Gulag Archipelago are analyzed, their proximity and thematic kinship are revealed. The authors appeal to the creative history of these works, remark that poems and parts of the Archipelago are arranged according to a certain pattern. Both in poetry and prose, Solzhenitsyn reveals the path taken by Soviet convicts. Camps for political prisoners and I.V. Stalin’s death take significant place in his works. A.I. Solzhenitsyn is particularly interested in the unity of heroes with nature, communion with it as with an attribute of free people’s life. The writer claims that the camp may become a starting point for spiritual resurrection of a human being. Metaphorization as one of the artistic elements is used for the first time in lyrics to reveal the image of Russia. The authors conclude that the camp theme arose during Solzhenitsyn’s imprisonment and was first expressed in lyrics and the narrative poem Dorozhen’ka. The Gulag Archipelago was formed later not only from the personal experience of the author but also from numerous materials and evidence of eyewitnesses.

The Strait of Magellan—a Gateway to New Worlds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Onetto Pavez
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Modern World ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Strait Of Magellan ◽  
The World ◽  
The Strait Of Magellan ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The year 2020 marks the five hundredth anniversary of the “discovery” of the Strait of Magellan. The unveiling of this passage between 1519 and 1522 allowed the planet to be circumnavigated for the first time in the history of humanity. All maritime routes could now be connected, and the idea of the Earth, in its geographical, cosmographic, and philosophical dimensions, gained its definitive meaning. This discovery can be considered one of the founding events of the modern world and of the process of globalization that still continues today. This new connectivity awoke an immediate interest in Europe that led to the emergence of a political consciousness of possession, domination, and territorial occupation generalized on a global scale, and the American continent was the starting point for this. This consciousness also inspired a desire for knowledge about this new form of inhabiting the world. Various fields of knowledge were redefined thanks to the new spaces and measurements produced by the discovery of the southern part of the Americas, which was recorded in books on cosmography, natural history, cartography, and manuscripts, circulating mainly between the Americas and Europe. All these processes transformed the Strait of Magellan into a geopolitical space coveted by Europeans during the 16th century. As an interoceanic connector, it was used to imagine commercial routes to the Orient and political projects that could sustain these dynamics. It was also conceived as a space to speculate on the potential wealth in the extreme south of the continent. In addition, on the Spanish side, some agents of the Crown considered it a strategic place for imperial projections and the defense of the Americas.

Sprachwandel und Etymologie in Der Spanischen Sprachwissenschaft Des Siglo De Oro

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-116
Author(s):  
Werner Bahner
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
Siglo De Oro ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Summary The Renaissance constitutes a new phase in the history of linguistics. The study of modern languages in particular contributed to enlarge the scope of philological concern as scholars try to promote and to codify a young national language. During this time philologists give particular attention to the origin of these vernaculars, distinguishing the different stages in their evolution and developing an especial awareness of chronology. For the representatives of a national philology, Latin is the starting point, the mould according to which the vernaculars are described and classified. Soon, however, more and more traits are recognized which are particular to these living languages, and which do not agree with the traditions of Latin grammar. On the one hand, modifications on the theoretical level are called for, and, on the other, there is a good opportunity to demonstrate the particularity of a given vernacular. All these tendencies can be found for the first time in the writings on Cas-tillian by the great philologist Antonio de Nebrija (1444–1522). Nebrija recognized a series of phonetic correspondences which, much later in the 19th century, are transformed into ‘phonetic laws’ by a rigorous methodology. In so doing the elaboration of orthographic principles had been for him a stimulus for his explications. In his “Diálogo de la lengua”, Juan de Valdés (devoted himself more extensively to the social aspects of Castillian, to linguistic changes, and to the historical causes for the distribution of Romance languages on the Iberian peninsula, stressing expecially the role of the ‘Reconquista’. The work of Bernardo José de Aldrete (1560–1641) offers a synthesis of all these efforts concerning the evolution of Castillian. He discusses all the substrata and superstrata of the language, sketches the different stages of development of his native tongue, examines Old Castillian with the help of medieval texts, and exploits what Nebrija had noted about the phonetic correspondences. In terms of scholarship, Aldrete’s work constitutes the culmination point in the movement engaged in supporting the rights of the Castillian language et in documenting its sovereignity vis-à-vis the Latin tradition.

Augustine

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Divine Grace ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Doctrine Of Creation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Mind ◽  
First Time

Augustine of Hippo (Thagaste, b. 354–Hippo, d. 430 ce) brings the very person of the thinker onto the philosophical scene for the first time in the history of philosophy, with his existential vicissitudes, his spiritual travails, and his incessant search for truth. Augustine is the ancient figure we know better than anyone else, thanks to the fact that he himself has narrated in the Confessions the external and internal events of his life, from his childhood spent in Roman Africa to his conversion to a radical and demanding form of Christian existence in 386. His conversion also marks the moment in which faith is consciously and programmatically assumed as the starting point of a rational itinerary that aims at understanding the most important truths about God and the human being. Augustine’s contribution to philosophical and theological thought is broad and manifold, from the theory of knowledge and language to the conception of evil and freedom, from the doctrine of creation and time to the analysis of the mind and its acts, from the most difficult questions concerning divine grace and the Trinity to the reading of human history as the interweaving of two mystical ‘cities’. Fundamental terms of the intellectual language of the West—such as ‘sign’, ‘free will’, ‘original sin’, ‘predestination’, ‘relation’—bear the indelible imprint of Augustine’s reflection. Especially sensitive to the influence of Plotinian and Porphyrian Neoplatonism, the gigantic work of this Father of the Church—an essential link between Antiquity and the Middle Ages—has in turn influenced Western Christianity like few others, and through it European culture, right up to modern and contemporary times. Although in Augustine’s thought one cannot clearly distinguish between philosophy and theology, in this article only his works and themes that have greater philosophical prominence today are considered. Therefore, purely theological topics such as the doctrine of divine grace are excluded. Only books published or republished after 1970 are cited, with a few rare exceptions. The remaining bibliography (earlier books, essays contained in collective volumes, and journal articles) can be found by consulting the section Bibliographies.

Civil litigation in twentieth century Europe

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. van Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Case Management ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Civil Procedure ◽  
Civil Litigation ◽  
New Era ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe

AbstractThe present article adresses one of the many topics on which Raoul van Caenegem has focused during his long career: the history of civil procedure. It concentrates on the twentieth century and offers a comparative perspective. The year 1898, in which the influential Austrian Zivilprozessordnung (öZPO) of the 1st of August 1895 took effect, forms the starting point of the article. This Code inaugurated a new era in civil procedure since it introduced a judge with extensive case management powers. The final part of the article discusses the English Civil Procedure Rules, which came into force in 1999. In 1999, even the English judge, who until that time had acted as a mere 'umpire', acquired extensive case management powers. Case management by the judge is now a common European phenomenon.

scholarly journals Theonyms in Safaite inscriptions: preliminary remarks

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Faris O. Nofal
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
First Time

The present article reviews the theonyms mentioned in the corpus of Safaite epigraphic inscriptions. For the first time in the history of Russian Oriental Studies, the author conducts a comparative analysis of Safaite, Hismaite and Samudi texts and acquaints the Russian reader with the major deities of the North-Arabian pantheon. On the basis of this analysis, the work marks the two levels of Safaite Olympus: the cosmic one, represented by common Arab deities (al-Lat, Belshmin and Radw), and the tribal one, which includes the mythical characters of Salam, Yath, Dath and gadd-deities. In addition, the author observes the use of the reviewed theonyms by the denizens of pre-Islamic Arabia for the purposes of nomination.

scholarly journals Novyi Mishor – first country-style resort on the South Coast of Crimea (1898-1920): reconstruction of sociocultural history

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-127
Author(s):  
Andrey Vasil'evich Karagodin ◽  
Mariya Mikhailovna Petrova
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
The South ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

The subject of this research is the history of the first of country-style resort appeared on the South Coast of Crimea at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries on the lands of country estates of New Mishor belonged to Shuvalov-Dolgorukov family. The phenomenon of country-style construction on the South Coast of Crimes, which starting point was the foundation of the Novyi Mishor, is viewed in the context of the processes of economic and sociocultural modernization of Russian society, formation of self-identification mechanisms of the emerging “middle class”, and new urban culture. Special attention is given to the period from 1917 to 1920, when the cultural figures left the capital and resided in the villages of Novyi Mishor. Based on examination the body of historical sources, many of which introduced to the scientific discourse for the first time, the author formed the database of villages and countryside residents of Novyi Mishor. A vast array of archival funds, reference literature, sources of personal provenance (memoirs, correspondence), and visual sources was attracted in the course of research. The novelty of consists in establishment of identities and social status of the residents of country resort of Novyi Mishor, determination of a range of sources for its further research, reconstruction of chronology of the development of this resort, details of everyday life and mentality traits of the residents, among which were the prominent figures of culture and art of Russia of that time – writers, actors, painters, scholars, and philanthropists.

scholarly journals Dante and His Poem as Perceived by Boris Zaitsev

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-197
Author(s):  
Anna V. Toporova
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Divine Comedy ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Creative Genius ◽  
History Of ◽  
Difficult Times

The present article analyzes the last work written by Boris Zaitsev before emigrating from Russia: the article Dante and His Poem dedicated to Divine Comedy. At first glance, the article may seem to be a collection of sundry thoughts about Dante and his work. At the same time, its deeper meaning comes to the fore when one examines the main points made by the author and incorporates the article into his oeuvre as a whole. In the article, Zaitsev focuses on Dante as a human being (“history of the soul”) and on Divine Comedy as a fruit of his creative genius. Having lost his native country even before emigrating from it, Zaitsev desperately began to search for the “truth” in both life and work. In this quest, the exile and truth-seeker Dante served as Zaitsev’s Virgil in his voyage through unknown and often hostile territories. From this standpoint, Divine Comedy acquired a unique meaning for Zaitsev, who began to treat it as a Gospel of sorts. A comparison of this article with Zaitsev’s next work, the essay Saint Sergius of Radonezh that he wrote in emigration, shows the unified perspective of the writer’s work: the connection between truth and the Truth, between poetic word and the Word- Logos. Dante and Saint Sergius are shown as beacons and waymarks in the “gloomy forest” of life. Their life experience, described in the context of their difficult times, served as a source of strength and solace for Zaitsev and offered models of existential behaviour that helped him to break out from horror and gloom towards light and Truth.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Raf Van Rooy
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
First Time

‘A language is a dialect with an army and navy.’ This witticism, associated with Max Weinreich, constitutes the starting point of both the entire book and this first chapter. The distinction between language and dialect implicit in the witticism, the chapter argues, is not a self-evident and timeless given, as is widely assumed, but has had a complex history. In this history, the early modern period played a pivotal role, as linguistic diversity was problematized for the first time during this era. Earlier and later developments cannot, however, be overlooked. The chapter also outlines the focus on Western scholarship, with a slight West-Germanic tilt, as well as the main approach and structure of the book. Presented as a history of ideas, it falls into five parts, which coincide with the main episodes in the history of the conceptual pair. Finally, this chapter briefly surveys the contents of all subsequent chapters.

scholarly journals Emigration to Germany in Turkish literature of the XX–XXI centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-613
Author(s):  
A. S. Avrutina ◽  
A. S. Ryzhenkov
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Emigre Literature ◽  
Political Novel ◽  
Turkish Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Orhan Pamuk ◽  
First Time

The article deals with the history of Turkish emigration to Germany in the 20th-21st Cent. This is in a way a novelty both in the modern Turkish literature as well as in the studies, which analyze the reflection of this process in modern Turkish literature. For the first time, this topic was raised in the 1940s, in the novel by Sabahattin Ali (1907–1948), who had been studying in pre-war Germany for some time/ Based on his personal impressions and recollections he wrote a love/political novel “Madonna clade in a fur coat” (1943). Subsequently this topic was also raised in the works by Füruzan (born 1932) and the Turkish Nobel Prize winner Orhan Pamuk (born 1952). The present article discusses the phenomenon of transformation of either personal or somebody else’s experience as reflected by a number of Turkish authors. This fact has ultimately shaped the acute problems as discussed in the Turkish literature and was instrumental for the formation of a whole trend in the modern Turkish literature, i.e. the Turkish émigré literature (Emine Sevgi Özdamar, (born 1946)). The aim of the article is to show the trends in the modern Turkish literature, which preceded the making of the literature of the Turkish diaspora abroad.

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