Sprachwandel und Etymologie in Der Spanischen Sprachwissenschaft Des Siglo De Oro

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-116
Author(s):  
Werner Bahner
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
Siglo De Oro ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Summary The Renaissance constitutes a new phase in the history of linguistics. The study of modern languages in particular contributed to enlarge the scope of philological concern as scholars try to promote and to codify a young national language. During this time philologists give particular attention to the origin of these vernaculars, distinguishing the different stages in their evolution and developing an especial awareness of chronology. For the representatives of a national philology, Latin is the starting point, the mould according to which the vernaculars are described and classified. Soon, however, more and more traits are recognized which are particular to these living languages, and which do not agree with the traditions of Latin grammar. On the one hand, modifications on the theoretical level are called for, and, on the other, there is a good opportunity to demonstrate the particularity of a given vernacular. All these tendencies can be found for the first time in the writings on Cas-tillian by the great philologist Antonio de Nebrija (1444–1522). Nebrija recognized a series of phonetic correspondences which, much later in the 19th century, are transformed into ‘phonetic laws’ by a rigorous methodology. In so doing the elaboration of orthographic principles had been for him a stimulus for his explications. In his “Diálogo de la lengua”, Juan de Valdés (devoted himself more extensively to the social aspects of Castillian, to linguistic changes, and to the historical causes for the distribution of Romance languages on the Iberian peninsula, stressing expecially the role of the ‘Reconquista’. The work of Bernardo José de Aldrete (1560–1641) offers a synthesis of all these efforts concerning the evolution of Castillian. He discusses all the substrata and superstrata of the language, sketches the different stages of development of his native tongue, examines Old Castillian with the help of medieval texts, and exploits what Nebrija had noted about the phonetic correspondences. In terms of scholarship, Aldrete’s work constitutes the culmination point in the movement engaged in supporting the rights of the Castillian language et in documenting its sovereignity vis-à-vis the Latin tradition.

scholarly journals Baby care: practices, texts and cultural conflicts

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-269
Author(s):  
Alexandra Pletneva
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Peasant Household ◽  
History Of ◽  
Care Practices ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

To create the social history of Russia and the history of everyday life, one needs a description of local everyday practices. This article focuses on the everyday practices associated with the birth of a baby and care for it. The author proceeds from the fact that the 18th and 19th centuries in Russia saw the coexistence of two cultures and two household traditions – the culture of the educated classes and the peasant culture. At the level of everyday practices, they made a certain influence on each other. On the one hand, ethnographic materials were used as sources, and on the other hand – popular medical literature of the 19th century. The article analyzes the practices themselves and the mechanisms of their influence on each other, while it appears that the effect of the practices of educated social groups on people’s life was a conscious Kulturtraeger activity. The influence of peasant household traditions on the lifestyle of educated classes was carried out primarily through direct impact. The ubiquity of nurses who belonged to a different social group than the child’s parents, led to the fact that, despite the parents’ resistance, peasant childcare practices (baby-rocking, pacifier, sleeping together, etc.) were used quite actively.

Pompeii, Origins through Destruction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Van der Graaff
Keyword(s):  
Wall Painting ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

On 24 August 79 CE the eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed the southern Bay of Naples, burying the towns of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabia together with the farms, sanctuaries, and luxury villas of the countryside. Their systematic excavation began in 1748. A community of scholars and lay people have since investigated the cities and their architecture for over 270 years. Their ranks are varied, starting with art and architectural historians, classicists, classical archaeologists, humanists, and amateurs, and continuing with scientists specialized in disciplines as varied as chemistry, biology, and forensics to name a few. The study of Pompeii and the ancient cities on the Bay of Naples is almost its own discipline that has helped to germinate art history and archaeology and spark movements such as Neoclassicism. The result is a burgeoning bibliography that exceeds 20,000 entries, with dozens of books and articles appearing each year. Given the rich architectural remains of the city, many, if not most, of these publications relate to architecture. Yet much remains unknown and considerable research on the architecture of Pompeii awaits current and future scholars. This article constitutes a basic starting point to study the architecture of Pompeii. It focuses on primary sources and monographs, and extends beyond single architectural studies because the study of Pompeian architecture requires attention to external factors governing social behavior. Domestic rituals, religious practices, technological advances, social routines, social hierarchy as well as military, entertainment, economic, environmental, and political factors all came together to shape the city. Modern research in Pompeii began with art historical and epigraphic approaches producing catalogues and publications describing wall painting, inscriptions, statuary, and the objects of the decorative arts. Expansive topographical surveys describing the city’s architecture started to appear in the 19th century and gave rise to a fascination with Pompeii throughout Europe. The expansion of the excavations in this period prompted then superintendent Giuseppe Fiorelli to organize the city into regions, insulae (city blocks), and house numbers, giving buildings the addresses they have today (e.g. VI.12.2-7 for the House of the Faun). Excavations seeking to understand the long-term history of Pompeii began in the 20th century, first, under efforts by Superintendent Amedeo Maiuri and, later, by various international teams and individual scholars, leading to the comprehensive approaches that study the city today. These efforts have produced a consensus that divides the 700+ years of Pompeian history into three mains phases: Pre-Samnite (under Etruscan, Greek, and Punic influence), Samnite, and finally Roman Pompeii, which subdivides further into the Colonial, Imperial, and Post-earthquake (after 62 CE) periods. Each phase is rich and stimulating in its own right, but the Roman period is the one that produced much of the architecture visible today; consequently, it has received the most attention due to the state of preservation.

scholarly journals La propaganda comercial como transmisora de elementos identitarios: Algunos ejemplos de la ephemera murciana a principios del siglo XX

Imafronte ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
José Miguel López Castillo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx

Uno de los apartados menos tratados de las representaciones visuales de Murcia ha sido el de la ephemera comercial. Por tal motivo, dado su uso limitado y efímero, en muchas ocasiones no se le ha considerado como un apartado estimable en la historia del arte. Pero lo cierto es que las etiquetas de fábricas de conservas, frutas, licores y otros establecimientos, desde los últimos años del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX, en base al diseño difundieron los elementos identitarios más significativos de este territorio por toda España y el resto del mundo. En la mayoría de casos, la marca publicitaria estaba basada en estampas e imágenes del Costumbrismo romántico murciano que ya se habían consolidado durante el ochocientos para la demanda social de esa corriente; en otros casos se fueron adaptando a los nuevos criterios estéticos del siglo XX. Finalmente, esta forma de publicitar cada producto ayudó a patentar la denominación de origen de diversas empresas de varios sectores, principalmente agroalimentarias, y al mismo tiempo a su asimilación con esta región levantina gracias a sus hitos arquitectónicos, la huerta o sus tipos populares. Esta última premisa es la que abordaremos dentro de este estudio al contrastarlas con otras representaciones anteriores. One of the less treated sections of the visual representations of Murcia has been the comercial ephemera. For this reason, given its limited and fleeting use, it has often not been considerated as a valvable section in the history of art. But the truth is that the labels of canning factories, fruits, liquors and other establishments, from the last years of the 19th century based on the design spread the most significant identity elements of this territory throughout Spain and the rest the world. In the majority of cases, the advertising brand was based on prints and images of Murcian romantic costums that had already been consolidated during the 19th century for the social demand of this currens, in other cases they were adapted to the new aesthetic criteria of the 20th century. Finally, this way of advertising each product helped to panted the denomination of origin of various companies, mainly agry-food, and at the same time to assimilate it with this southeast region thanks to its architectural landmarks, the orchard or its popular types. This last premise is the one we will address within this study when contrasting them other previous representations.

scholarly journals De protagonista histórico a personaje de novela:

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilián Illades
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fourth Decade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

En la cuarta década del siglo XIX se enjuició y sentenció por diversos crímenes al coronel Juan Yáñez, alias Relumbrón; a la sazón subordinado cercano a un presidente de México. El militar encabezó a un grupo de bandidos que asaltaron las propiedades de personas prominentes, adineradas, templos, conventos y comercios de la capital del país, así como a viajeros que transitaban por los caminos, principalmente el derrotero de la Ciudad de México al puerto de Veracruz. Este cabecilla ocupa un papel central en una de las memorables piezas literarias de Manuel Payno: Los Bandidos de Río Frío. Propio de la pluma del escritor, la novela constituye una invaluable fuente para la historia social y cultural de los mexicanos. El propósito del presente artículo es develar el perfil histórico del coronel, mediante la reconstrucción de su entorno familiar y el extracto del proceso judicial al que fue sometido, mismo al que no tuvo acceso el novelista. La infausta figura de Relumbrón sólo pudo ser preservada a través de la literatura, de lo contrario se habría sumergido en los anales criminales. In the fourth decade of the 19th century, Colonel Juan Yáñez, alias Relumbrón (the one who shines), then a close subordinate of a Mexican president, was tried and sentenced for various crimes. Then officer headed a group of bandits who robbed the properties of prominent and wealthy people, churches, convents and businesses in the capital of the country, as well as travelers on the roads, mainly the route from Mexico City to the port of Veracruz. This ringleader occupies a central role in one of Manuel Payno´s memorable novels, Los Bandidos de Río Frío (The bandits of Río Frío). Typical of the writer´s pen, the novel is an invaluable source for the social and cultural history of Mexicans. The purpose of this article is to unveil the historical profile of the colonel, through the reconstruction of his family environment and the excerpt of the judicial process to which he has subjected, to which the novelist did not have access. The infamous figure of Relumbrón could only be preserved through literature, otherwise he would have been submerged in the annals of crime.

The grammatical doctrine of the Real Acadedemia Española (1854)

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 231-261
Author(s):  
Ramón Sarmiento
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Traditional Grammar ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary The Grammar of the Real Academia Española (1713) constitutes one of the fundamental chapters of Spanish linguistic thought. It is a required point of reference for all grammarians and has decisively influenced the evolution of grammatical thought. Therefore, the continuing importance of theoretical contributions of Academic bodies is stressed precisely at the present historical moment, in which the most significant progress in linguistic theory may accrue from the process of permanent critical revision of the past. The Grammatical doctrine of 1854 has been chosen as the object of this study for two reasons, both of which derive from the fact that this doctrine constitutes a modification of that of 1771. On the one hand, two periods in the history of linguistics (the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th) can be compared. On the other hand, we may discover to what extent theoretical and practical aspects concur in the two texts. This factor is of great importance since the instrumental nature of all grammar depends on the adaptation of these two aspects. An attempt is made to illustrate both publications by locating historical-cultural points of reference of the period in order to arrive at an objective evaluation of the significance of this doctrine. However, to attain such a goal, the work is analyzed in terms of the work’s original setting, its nature and its aims. The formal structure of the grammar is analyzed and the contents corresponding to the theory are carefully examined. We may deduce from this study that the doctrine of 1854 may be considered ‘traditional grammar’, due to the normativism and logical-grammatical parallelism which underlie its contents as well as the rational method advocated as the criterion which determines the majority of the definitions. For these reasons, the doctrine of 1854 is far removed from the earlier theoretical position stated in the 1771 grammar; it can be inscribed in the category of philosophical grammars of the 19th century. Furthermore, it is argued that the complete edifice of current Spanish grammar is built upon these foundations. Then, the present state of grammar cannot be understood by a simple face-lifting. The grammatical mould is made of many centuries of reflection on the same subjects. To ignore it would be foolhardy. Therefore it is argued that we must return to the foundations where we will find the indelible data which will assist us in interpreting the ever ephemeral present on which future grammars will inevitably be erected, erected.

scholarly journals Historic Atlases of Polish Towns – status at the end of 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Zenon Kozieł ◽  
Radosław Golba ◽  
Agnieszka Pilarska ◽  
Roman Czaja
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Type A ◽  
National Language ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Historic Atlas of Polish Towns, which makes up a part of an international project covering the towns of Europe, has been implemented in Poland since the early 1990s. This project was presented recently at the poster session during the 26th International Cartographic Conference in Germany (Dresden 2013). In consequence of subsequent files of the Atlas for twenty Polish towns being published in the past five years, their presenting within the panel session, during 29 ICC (Tokyo'2019) seems of importance. Polish towns for which the atlases were developed are: Bochnia, Chojnice, Fordon, Gliwice, Jelenia Góra, Kętrzyn, Koronowo, Milicz, Mrągowo, Namysłów, Oława, Ostróda, Sandomierz, Strzegom, Strzelin, Wieliczka, Włocławek, Wrocław, Ząbkowice Śląskie and Ziębice. Familiarizing the public with this cycle of historic atlases consitutes also a good opportunity to recall the origins of the project as its history dates back to the mid-1960s, and thus is similar to the history of the cycles of International Cartographic Conferences.</p><p> The basic principles for editing historic atlases of towns were worked out at the 1968 Oxford conference of historians and cartographers, and then, discussed again and supplemented with the principles for unified edition, at the 1995 Münster (Germany) „Atlas Publishers” conference. In 1965, the International Commission for the History of Towns gave an impulse to the historic atlases of towns, during the Vienna Congress, when it decided to place in its programme, the patronage over the edition of towns’ atlases. Given the recommendations of this Commission, historic atlases of European towns shall be published in the form of separate files for each town and so that the necessary minimum includes the following four principal maps for each town:</p><ol type="a"><li>the 19th century cadastral plan, that is from a pre-industrial period, at a scale of 1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;2,500;</li><li>the 19th century map, contemporary with the cadastral plan, generally at a scale of 1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;25,000;</li><li>a spatial development plan for the town from the Mediaeval to contemporary times, at a scale of 1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;5,000;</li><li>a modern town plan.</li></ol><p> Regardless of this, atlases may contain (according to the capabilities of publishers) thematic maps and reproductions of the most interesting cartographic sources and panoramas. However, this assumption can be implemented only in the case the suitable cartographic sources have been preserved. For example, one of the most voluminous atlases among those listed above is the Atlas of Wrocław dated from 2017, counting 110 maps and plans. An integral part of each atlas, as a scientific study, is a concise historic commentary, describing the history of the town, with particular emphasis put on its spatial layout development. Notwithstanding the main scientific objective, individual files of the Atlas can also be useful for other needs, and in particular for:</p><ol type="a"><li>urban, architectural and conservation works, environmental protection;</li><li>schools and universities’ teaching and didactic objectives;</li><li>popularizing towns' past.</li></ol><p> In accordance with the idea of the International Commission for the History of Towns, the main task of this edition of atlases shall be founding a single source database for research on the urbanization of Europe and spatial changes of towns. Therefore, it must also have its language adapted so as to fulfill this function. It is necessary to use in comments and explanations, not only the national language, but also one of the congress languages (English, French, Spanish, German, Russian, or Italian). For the edition of Polish atlases, the German language was chosen primarily, due to the particular interest of our western neighbours, in the history of Polish towns. There happen, however, explanations in both; German and English. Initially, the project of the historic atlas of Polish towns was carried out only in Toruń by a team under the guidance of Roman Czaja (historical editing) and Zenon Kozieł (cartographic editing). In the subsequent years, work on the historic atlas of the Śląsk/Silesian towns was taken over by the Wrocław team under the guidance of Marta Młynarska-Kaletynowa (currently of Rafał Eysymontt) whereas the Kraków team, published atlases of the Małopolska/Little Poland towns under the guidance of Zdzisław Noga.</p><p> Up to now, under the patronage of the International Commission for the History of Towns, atlases for over 530 towns from eighteen European states have been published (https://www.ria.ie/research-projects/irish-historic-towns-atlas/ european-project), of which 34 (i.e. 6,5%) are those made for Polish towns.</p>

On the nature of chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Unity ◽  
The 19Th Century

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>

Bonobos

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

This is a comprehensive, illustrated catalogue of the 200+ marine chronometers in the collections of Royal Museums Greenwich. Every chronometer has been completely dismantled, studied and recorded, and illustrations include especially commissioned line drawings as well as photographs. The collection is also used to illustrate a newly researched and up-to-date chapter describing the history of the marine chronometer, so the book is much more than simply a catalogue. The history chapter naturally includes the story of John Harrison’s pioneering work in creating the first practical marine timekeepers, all four of which are included in the catalogue, newly photographed and described in minute detail for the first time. In fact full technical and historical data are provided for all of the marine chronometers in the collection, to an extent never before attempted, including biographical details of every maker represented. A chapter describes how the 19th century English chronometer was manufactured, and another provides comprehensive and logically arranged information on how to assess and date a given marine chronometer, something collectors and dealers find particularly difficult. For further help in identification of chronometers, appendices include a pictorial record of the number punches used by specific makers to number their movements, and the maker’s punches used by the rough movement makers. There is also a close-up pictorial guide to the various compensation balances used in chronometers in the collection, a technical Glossary of terms used in the catalogue text and a concordance of the various inventory numbers used in the collection over the years.

Architecture, Modernism and Nation-Building in Kemalist Turkey

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibel Bozdoğan
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building ◽  
Critical Force ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
The Social ◽  
Great Transformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Deeply rooted in “the great transformation” brought about by capitalism, industrialization and urban life, the history of modern architecture in the West is intricately intertwined with the rise of the bourgeoisie. Modernism in architecture, before anything else, is a reaction to the social and environmental ills of the industrial city, and to the bourgeois aesthetic of the 19th century. It emerged first as a series of critical, utopian and radical movements in the first decades of the twentieth century, eventually consolidating itself into an architectural establishment by the 1930s. The dissemination of the so-called “modern movement” outside Europe coincides with the eclipse of the plurality and critical force of early modernist currents and their reduction to a unified, formalist and doctrinaire position.

Wörterbücher mit Slowenisch. Historische, kulturelle und sprachpolitische Aspekte

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-157
Author(s):  
Vida Jesenšek
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
National Language ◽  
Language Documentation ◽  
Language Community ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Attitude ◽  
Cultural Status

AbstractLexicography is traditionally associated with its significant social and cultural role and consequently corresponding tasks and functions. Dictionaries have several, partially overlapping functions: they serve practical lexicography to satisfy various individual needs of the speakers, hence at the same time they also serve the language documentation which addresses national, language policy, administrative, economic as well as educational and scientific needs of a language community. This basic attitude to the social-cultural status of dictionaries, although simplified, is the starting point for considerations of historically significant milestones in the development of lexicography with Slovenian. Following Hausmann (1989) and his presentation of approaches to the social status of lexicography and its products, Slovenian lexicography is viewed from the perspective of the cultural-historical development of Slovenian-speaking society.

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