scholarly journals Cenurosis in a Sheep with Neurological Signs - Diagnosis with Computed Tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Farias Vargas Júnior ◽  
Reci Fernandes Dorneles ◽  
Adriana Lucke Stigger ◽  
Eduardo Garcia Fontoura ◽  
João Pedro Scussel Feranti
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Visual Deficit ◽  
Coenurus Cerebralis ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Background: Cenurosis is a parasitic disease caused by Coenurus cerebralis, an intermediate form of Taenia multiceps multiceps, causing a fatal disease in production animals. Its adult form (Taenia) lodges in the small intestine of canids and can infect several intermediate hosts.Sheep are the main species affected by the disease, having nervous symptoms as one of its manifestations.This study aimed to describe the changes observed in computed tomography, as well as the clinical findings of a case of Cenurosis in a sheep on the western border of Rio Grande do Sul.Case: A ram was referred to the Centro Universitário da Região da Campanha (URCAMP) with neurological signs.Clinical, hematological, radiographic, tomographic and necroscopic evaluation of the animal was performed.There were no significant hematological and radiographic changes.During the neurological examination, corneal opacity was found in the right eyeball, associated with a visual deficit in the same eye.Also, when stimulated to move, it was possible to observe ataxia with ambulation to the left side, with right lateral displacement of the head.The tomography showed a hypodense area of approximately 3 cm at the base of the brain, in the region of the thalamus and third ventricle.Macroscopically, a translucent spherical cyst with approximately 4 cm in diameter was observed, containing the protoescolex/scolices of Taenia multiceps in the same region.Discussion: Computed tomography identified the presence of an apparently circular volume of approximately 4 cm in diameter, causing ventricular dilatation.This evidence of ventricular dilation corroborates aspects described in the literature, which found bilateral dilation of the ventricles by compression promoted by a cyst in the 4th ventricle.As the location of the cyst was located at the base of the brain, in the region of the third ventricle, it would be difficult to perform the surgery in the treatment of this case.Signs of ataxia, walking movements, decreased reflexes, nystagmus, unilateral blindness and lateral decubitus are commonly observed.Reports described that the main neurological alterations observed in 20 sheep with cenurosis were postural deficit, locomotion alteration, visual deficit and behavioral alterations, with more than 50% of the animals showing at least one of these signs.The main neurological signs observed in the case described were changes in gait, with walking, blindness, lateral head deviation and ataxia. These signs guide the clinical diagnosis of cenurosis.At necropsy, a spherical translucent cyst with approximately 4 cm in diameter was observed, containing the protoescolex/scolices of Taenia multiceps, which extended dorsally from the third ventricle to the base of the thalamus, laterally displaced to the right side.Rostrocaudal the lesion extended rostrally across the entire length of the thalamus to the beginning of the caudate nucleus and caudally to the base of the caudal colliculus, causing compression of the adjacent parenchyma, enabling the diagnosis of cenurosis.Similar findings are described as Coenurus cerebralis. This lesion pattern macroscopically characterizes the parasite lesions.Thus, it is concluded that the visualization of a hypodense area in CNS regions of sheep with neurological signs allows the diagnosis of cenurosis and precise location of the lesion.The description of this case adds information so that other professionals in the field can be successful in diagnosing the disease.Keywords: parasitologia, Taenia multiceps multiceps, Coenurus cerebralis, ovelhas, torneio verdadeiro.Descritores: parasitology, Taenia multiceps multiceps, Coenurus cerebralis, sheep, true tournament.Título: Cenurose em ovino com sinais neurológicos - diagnóstico com tomografia computadorizada. 

scholarly journals Anaplasic Ependymoma in a Dog

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamara Matos Andrade ◽  
Silvana Marques Caramalac ◽  
Rayane Chitolina Pupin ◽  
Veronica Jorge Babo-Terra ◽  
Mariana Isa Poci Palumbo
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Anaplastic Ependymoma ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
The Brain

Background: Anaplastic ependymoma is a rare primary intracranial neoplasm in dogs and cats, which originates from ependymal cells that line the ventricular system of the brain and spinal cord. Normally, this neoplasm occurs as a single, expansive mass that develops mainly in the lateral ventricles, and neurological changes are due to local tissue impairment and peritumoral tissue compression. This article reports a case of anaplastic ependymoma in a dog treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), emphasizing and describing the neurological signs and histopathology of this tumor.Case: This article reports the case of a 11-year-old mongrel dog with a history of butting its head against obstacles, of compulsive walking, and altered proprioception of the right side limbs. The condition evolved to positional strabismus of the left eye, left lateral deviation of the head, vertical nystagmus, decreased level of consciousness, and constant lateral decubitus.  Due to the suspicion of intracranial neoplasia and worsening of its clinical condition, the animal was euthanized. Necropsy of its body revealed a mass of approximately 3 cm in diameter in the third ventricle (in the left lateral region). A histological examination revealed random clusters of ependymal cells with a few rosettes and pseudorosettes. The cells were cuboid to cylindrical in shape, with moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm with indistinct borders, and round to oval moderately hyperchromatic nuclei with 1-2 visible nucleoli. Based on these findings, the tumor was characterized as anaplastic ependymoma.Discussion: Intracranial tumors occur more frequently in older animals, and usually neurological signs tend to evolve progressively. Most affected dogs are mongrels, like the dog described in this report, but Golden Retrievers, Boxers, Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, Bullmastiffs and Rottweillers are breeds that can also be affected by this type of tumor. The main differential diagnoses for masses in the ventricles of the brain are choroid plexus papilloma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, epidermoid cyst or dermoid cyst.  Considered a rare tumor, ependymoma typically affects the ventricular system, which may impair CSF drainage, with consequent development of prosencephalic symptoms such as seizures and compulsive walking. The vestibular signs that were also observed were attributed to the proximity of the affected site to brainstem. Ependymomas are well-defined, soft, with a smooth surface, pale to reddish, and usually larger than 2 cm. When sectioned, they may exhibit cystic, necrotic and hemorrhagic areas. Histopathologically, they are densely cellular and highly vascularized, characteristically forming rosettes and pseudorosettes. In this reported case, the neurological signs were attributed to the presence of a tumor in the third left lateral ventricle. A definitive diagnosis can only be made based on a histopathological analysis of the tumor, using biopsy or necropsy specimens. Treatment consists of reducing the size of the tumor with chemotherapy or radiotherapy or removing it completely and controlling the side effects through palliative therapy. However, in this case, a lack of diagnostic resources such as advanced imaging and brain biopsy did not allow for the diagnosis of ependymoma in the third ventricle of the live animal, thus precluding therapeutic attempts. 

scholarly journals Bovine coenurosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Paula Giaretta ◽  
◽  
Welden Panziera ◽  
Glauco de Galiza ◽  
Claudio Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transverse Fissure ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
The Right ◽  
Thalamic Region ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Recumbency

An 18-month-old mixed breed steer had incoordination, blindness, and opisthotonos for ten days. The clinical condition progressed to lethargy and lateral recumbency, and the steer was euthanized due to poor prognosis. There is a cyst located mainly on the left side of the brain, moderately distending the third ventricle and protruding through the transverse fissure into the right dorsal thalamic region anterior to the rostral colliculi. The cyst is 3.3 x 3.5 x 3 cm, consists of a thin transparent membrane filled with translucent fluid, and has numerous slightly elongated opaque white structures of approximately 1 mm (protoscolices) adhered to the inner aspect of the capsule (Fig. 1). The cyst causes compression and atrophy of the thalamus and hippocampus, more pronounced on the left side (Fig. 2). There is dilation of the lateral ventricles, moderate on the left side and mild on the right side. The mesencephalic aqueduct is moderately distended.

Experimental Third Ventriculostomy Performed Using Endovascular Surgical Techniques and Their Adaptation to Percutaneous Intradural Neuronavigation: Proof of Concept Cadaver Study

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Horowitz ◽  
Kamal Ramzipoor ◽  
Ajit Nair ◽  
Susan Miller ◽  
George Rappard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Cadaver Study ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Third Ventriculostomy ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Brain

Abstract OBJECTIVE Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has developed into a therapeutic alternative to shunting for the management of carefully selected patients with primarily noncommunicating hydrocephalus. This procedure, however, requires a general anesthetic and necessitates violation of the brain parenchyma and manipulation near vital neural structures to access the floor of the third ventricle. Using two cadavers and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters, we sought to determine whether it was possible to navigate a catheter, angioplasty balloon, and stent percutaneously through the subarachnoid space from the thecal sac into the third ventricle so as to perform a third ventriculostomy from below. METHODS Using biplane angiography and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters along with angioplasty balloons and stents, we were able to pass a stent coaxially from the thecal sac to and across the floor of the third ventricle so as to achieve a third ventriculostomy from below. RESULTS Coaxial catheter techniques allowed for the percutaneous insertion of a stent across the floor of the third ventricle. Ventriculostomy was confirmed by injecting contrast medium into the lateral ventricle and seeing it pass through the stent and into the chiasmatic cistern. CONCLUSION We describe the performance of third ventriculostomies in two cadavers by use of the new concept of percutaneous intradural neuronavigation. This procedure may obviate the need for general anesthetic and minimize the potential for brain and vascular injury, especially if ultimately combined with magnetic resonance fluoroscopy.

scholarly journals Morphology of the vertebral artery in Asian population

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Alfaouri-Kornieieva ◽  
Azmy M Al-Hadidi
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Asian Patients ◽  
Distal Loop ◽  
The Right ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain

Background: Recent clinical trials have shown a rising trend of stroke in Asian population. Approximately 20% strokes of total occur at the vertebrobasilar basin that supplies the occipital lobes of the brain, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The anatomical features and variability of the third segment of the vertebral artery (VA) in Asians are analyzed in this study. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 68 consecutive Asian patients underwent MRA examination for head and neck in the Department of Radiology of Hospital of University of Jordan from 1.10.2011 to 30.04.2012. The 116 VA were analyzed on the obtained angiograms. Results: The third segment (V3) of the VA was studied according to its conventional division into vertical, horizontal, and oblique parts. The mean outer diameter of the V3 varied up 3.18 ± 0.73 to 4.28 ± 1.08 mm. The parameter prevailed on the left in 91% cases and was greater in males, than in females. The distal loop of the VA projected downward in 26 cases on the right (78%) and in 28 cases on the left (74%). The tortuosity of loop?formations of V3 was evaluated subject to angles between their ascending and descending bends. Conclusion: In comparison with other ethnic groups, the V3 of the VA in Asians has lesser outer diameter, especially along its oblique part; the zero?distance between the occipital bone and horizontal segment of VA occurs more often (up to 26%); the Lang’s III type of V3 variability is the most common in Asians. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i4.6150 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2014 Vol.5(4); 84-88

scholarly journals Primary telencephalic lymphoma in a horse

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 3801
Author(s):  
Clairton Marcolongo-Pereira ◽  
Bruna Da Rosa Curcio ◽  
Douglas Pacheco Oliveira ◽  
Ana Carolina Barreto Coelho ◽  
Bianca Lemos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Partial Loss ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Cytoplasmic Staining ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Diffuse Cytoplasmic Staining ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

A case of T small cell type lymphoma in the brain of a horse is described. A 20-year-old female Crioulo equine showed neurological signs characterized by ataxia, circling and partial loss of smell and sight. During necropsy, a whitish, firm, unencapsulated mass compressing the structures of the nervous tissue was observed, extending from the olfactory bulb to the internal capsule of the right telencephalon. Microscopic examination showed the proliferation of round cells with a small to moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. Nuclei were centrally located, irregularly round and occasionally cleaved and hyperchromatic. Immunohistochemistry for CD3 showed a moderate diffuse cytoplasmic staining. This is a rare primary central nervous system lymphoma in horses, with few reports in the veterinary literature. Nevertheless, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in equines with neurological signs.

scholarly journals Cerebral Cavernous Hemangioma in a Dog

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Motta dos Santos Moretto ◽  
Luciana Maria Curtio Soares ◽  
Esthefanie Nunes ◽  
Uiara Hanna Araújo Barreto ◽  
Valéria Régia Franco Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cavernous Hemangioma ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Post Contrast ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Background: Cerebral cavernous hemangioma is a rare neoplasm of vascular origin in the brain, characterized by abnormally dilated vascular channels surrounded by endothelium without muscle or elastic fibers. Presumptive diagnosis is performed by magnetic resonance or computed tomography (CT) scanning and can be confirmed by histopathology. The prognosis of intracranial cavernous hemangioma is poor, with progression of clinical signs culminating in spontaneous death or euthanasia. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of cerebral cavernous hemangioma in a dog, presenting the clinical findings, tomographic changes, and pathological findings.Case: This case involved a 2-year-old medium sized mixed breed female dog presenting with apathy, hyporexia, ataxia, bradycardia, dyspnea, and seizure episodes for three days. Hemogram and serum biochemistry of renal and hepatic function and urinalysis did not reveal any visible changes. CT scanning was also performed. The scans revealed a hyperdense nodule of 15.9 x 14 mm, with well defined borders, and a hypodense halo without post-contrast enhancement and mass effect in the right parietal lobe was observed in both transverse and coronal sections. Based on the image presented in the CT scans, the nodule was defined as a hemorrhagic brain lesion. The animal died after a seizure. The right telencephalon was subjected to necropsy, which revealed a reddish-black wel-defined nodule 1.7 cm in diameter extending from the height of the piriform lobe to the olfactory trine at the groove level and extending towards the lateral ventricle, with slight compression and deformation of the thalamus but no other macroscopic alterations in the other organs. The histopathology indicated that this nodular area in the encephalus contained moderate, well-delimited but unencapsulated cellularity, composed of large vascular spaces paved with endothelial cells filled with erythrocytes, some containing eosinophilic fibrillar material (fibrin) and others with organized thrombus containing occasional neutrophil aggregates. The endothelial cells had cytoplasm with indistinct borders, elongated nuclei, scanty crust-like chromatin, and cellular pleomorphism ranging from discrete to moderate, without mitotic figures.Discussion: The histological findings characterized the morphological changes in the brain as cavernous hemangioma, and the growth and compression of this neoplasm were considered the cause of the clinical signs of this dog. The main complaint was seizures, although ataxia and lethargy were also noted. These clinical signs are often related to changes in the anterior brain and brainstem. The literature does not list computed tomography as a complementary diagnostic method in cases of cerebral cavernous hemangioma in dogs, but CT scanning was useful in confirming cerebral hemorrhage. The main differential diagnosis for cerebral cavernous hemangioma would be a hamartoma, but what differentiates them histologically is the presence of normal interstices between the blood vessels, since no intervening neural tissue occurs in the case of cerebral hemangioma. Therefore, even in the absence of immunohistochemistry to more confidently confirm a cavernous hemangioma, the clinical signs, CT scans and especially the pathological findings were consistent with a case of cerebral cavernous hemangioma, a benign neoplasm with a poor prognosis due to the severe neurological changes it causes and its difficult treatment.

scholarly journals The Anatomical Position and Size of Greater Palatine Foramen and Canal in an Iranian Sample Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solmaz Valizadeh ◽  
Seyedeh Mahshid Ahmadi ◽  
Mitra Ghazizadeh Ahsaie ◽  
Zahra Vasegh ◽  
Navid Jamalzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
P Value ◽  
Second Molar ◽  
Anatomical Position ◽  
The Third ◽  
Greater Palatine Foramen ◽  
The Right

Abstract IntroductionDetection of exact location of greater palatine foramen and its anatomical variations are vital prior to posterior maxillary surgeries and gingival grafts. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomical position and size of the greater palatine canal (GPC) and foramen (GPF) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans.Materials and methodsIn this descriptive-analytic study, CBCT images of 148 patients were assessed. To determine the anatomical foramen position, the posterior maxilla area was divided into five regions on the axial view (A: from the mesial surface of the second molar to the center of the second molar, B: from the center of the second molar to its distal, C: from the mesial surface of the third molar to the center of the third molar, D: from the center of the third molar to the distal of the third molar, E: distal to the third molar.). The length of the canal was investigated on both coronal and sagittal views. Independent and paired T-test were used to analyze the data.ResultsAmong 80 females -68 males, the anatomical position of the GPF was mainly located in region E on the left (55%) and the right (50%), and then, respectively, in region D and region C. The mean diameter of GPF was 4/48 mm on the left and 4/63 mm on the right side (P-value = 0/01). The average length of the canal on the coronal view was 29.46 mm on the left side and 29.75 mm on the right (P-Value = 0/005). The average length of the canal on the sagittal view was 29.62 mm on the left and 30.02 mm on the right (P-value = 0/001).ConclusionThe anatomical position of the GPF was primarily located distal to the third maxillary molar. CBCT is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluation of vital anatomic landmarks in the maxillofacial region prior to surgeries and interventions.

General concepts of hypothalamus-pituitary anatomy

2011 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Ignacio Bernabeu ◽  
Monica Marazuela ◽  
Felipe F. Casanueva
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Perivascular Space ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Central Grey Matter ◽  
Imaginary Line ◽  
The Brain

The hypothalamus is the part of the diencephalon associated with visceral, autonomic, endocrine, affective, and emotional behaviour. It lies in the walls of the third ventricle, separated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus. The rostral boundary of the hypothalamus is roughly defined as a line through the optic chiasm, lamina terminalis, and anterior commissure, and an imaginary line extending from the posterior commissure to the caudal limit of the mamillary body represents the caudal boundary. Externally, the hypothalamus is bounded rostrally by the optic chiasm, laterally by the optic tract, and posteriorly by the mamillary bodies. Dorsolaterally, the hypothalamus extends to the medial edge of the internal capsule (Fig. 2.1.1) (1). The complicated anatomy of this area of the central nervous system (CNS) is the reason why, for a long time, little was known about its anatomical organization and functional significance. Even though the anatomy of the hypothalamus is well established it does not form a well-circumscribed region. On the contrary, it is continuous with the surrounding parts of the CNS: rostrally, with the septal area of the telencephalon and anterior perforating substance; anterolaterally with the substantia innominata; and caudally with the central grey matter and the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. The ventral portion of the hypothalamus and the third ventricular recess form the infundibulum, which represents the most proximal part of the neurohypophysis. A bulging region posterior to the infundibulum is the tuber cinereum, and the zone that forms the floor of the third ventricle is called the median eminence. The median eminence represents the final point of convergence of pathways from the CNS on the peripheral endocrine system and it is supplied by primary capillaries of the hypophyseal portal vessels. The median eminence is the anatomical interface between the brain and the anterior pituitary. Ependymal cells lining the floor of the third ventricle have processes that traverse the width of the median eminence and terminate near the portal perivascular space; these cells, called tanycytes, provide a structural and functional link between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the perivascular space of the pituitary portal vessels. The conspicuous landmarks of the ventral surface of the brain can be used to divide the hypothalamus into three parts: anterior (preoptic and supraoptic regions), middle (tuberal region), and caudal (mamillary region). Each half of the hypothalamus is also divided into a medial and lateral zone. The medial zone contains the so-called cell-rich areas with well-defined nuclei. The scattered cells of the lateral hypothalamic area have long overlapping dendrites, similar to the cells of the reticular formation. Some of these neurons send axons directly to the cerebral cortex and others project down into the brainstem and spinal cord.

scholarly journals Cilia-driven flows in the brain third ventricle

2019 ◽  
Vol 375 (1792) ◽  
pp. 20190154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Eichele ◽  
Eberhard Bodenschatz ◽  
Zuzana Ditte ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Günther ◽  
Shoba Kapoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ventricular Wall ◽  
Brain Ventricles ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
The Third ◽  
Directional Transport ◽  
The Brain

The brain ventricles are interconnected, elaborate cavities that traverse the brain. They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that is, to a large part, produced by the choroid plexus, a secretory epithelium that reaches into the ventricles. CSF is rich in cytokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles that glide along the walls of ventricles, powered by bundles of motile cilia that coat the ventricular wall. We review the cellular and biochemical properties of the ventral part of the third ventricle that is surrounded by the hypothalamus. In particular, we consider the recently discovered intricate network of cilia-driven flows that characterize this ventricle and discuss the potential physiological significance of this flow for the directional transport of CSF signals to cellular targets located either within the third ventricle or in the adjacent hypothalamic brain parenchyma. Cilia-driven streams of signalling molecules offer an exciting perspective on how fluid-borne signals are dynamically transmitted in the brain. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport’.

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