scholarly journals THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERNAL AGGRESSION IN LATIN AMERICA: A COMPARISON BETWEEN COSTA RICA AND ECUADOR

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Vinicio Méndez-Coto
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
External Support ◽  
Small States ◽  
Regional Institutions ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
American States ◽  
The Social

External aggression is an analytic category used by Latin American States regardless the governmental ideology or their political affiliations. A comparative study conducted out between two Latin American Small States enables to understand the regularities in their behavior when facing such kind of threat, in terms of their role identity, objective and subjective interests and consistently their foreign policy actions at the domestic, bilateral, sub-regional and regional level. This article argued that the small states are more vulnerable to the external aggressions because of their lack of material resources and their need of external support, compromising their sovereignty and territorial integrity, and requiring the activation of multilateral mechanisms such as the Organization of American States and other regional and sub-regional institutions.

Environmental Rationality

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Enrique Leff
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Ecological Balance ◽  
Politics Of Difference ◽  
Economic Paradigm ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Culture And Development

Renovating our thinking as humankind (rethinking nature, culture and development) is an imperative to approach the challenges of environmental crisis and to orient the social construction of a sustainable world. If environmental crisis is a predicament of knowledge, beyond the task of reinventing science, innovating technology and managing information, we must face the challenge of inventing new ways of thinking, organizing and acting in the world; of reorienting our ethical principles, modes of production and social practices for the construction of a sustainable civilization. Innovation for sustainability is drawn by alternative rationalities. I will argue that rationality of modernity has limited capacities to reestablish the ecological balance of the planet, while environmental rationality opens new perspectives to sustainability: the construction of a new economic paradigm based on neguentropic productivity, a politics of difference and an ethic of otherness. Paramount to this purpose is the contribution of Latin American Environmental Thinking.

scholarly journals Latin American States’ Multilateral Diplomacy

2009 ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
S. A. Krylov
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
New World ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
American States ◽  
Multilateral Diplomacy ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean

This article reveals the mechanism of functioning of the multilateral diplomacy of the Latin American and Caribbean States on the subregional, regional level as well as in the biregional format and analizes the perspectives of the integrational processes in the Western hemisphere in the context of formation of a new world structure of the XXI century.

“Social Constitutionalism” in Latin America: The Bolivian Experience of 1938

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
American States ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Liberal Constitutionalism

In Latin America in the twentieth century, nation after nation has revised its concepts of constitutional law to take into account the whole new realm of state responsibility for the economic and social welfare of its citizens. Beginning most dramatically with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, Latin American states have written into their constitutional charters detailed chapters on the social responsibility of capital, the economic rights of the worker, and the state responsibility for the protection and security of the family and for the physical and mental welfare of all its citizens and classes. In rewriting their national constitutions, the Latin Americans have deliberately broken with the classic liberal constitutionalism of the nineteenth century and adopted what some have called a “social constitutionalist” position.

Civilization in 19th Century Latin America: The “Modernization” of Cities and the Use of Prisons as a Form of Racial Control

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella Dávila Dávila Aquije
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
American States ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Form ◽  
State Projects ◽  
American Cities

In the mid to late 19th century, Latin American states adopted European ideals of “civilization.” These ideals were foundational for several state projects that looked to “improve” the aesthetics of Latin American major cities, which were modelled after Paris, the epitome and embodiment of modernization. This “civilizing” reform of the cities caused the ghettoization of non-white communities, given that modern cities were conceptualized as white cities. Thus, to “Europeanize” Latin American cities, Indigenous, Black and Asian peoples needed to be contained and displaced. This was achieved through the creation of the prison system, which came to represent a new form of slavery and a state mechanism for the continuous control of racialized communities. This presentation will examine how criminality was socially constructed to justify the imprisonment of a specific “type” (or race) of person, which is evident given the prison demographics of the time. It will also analyze the theories of eugenics which provided justification for the project of civilization, which only served to worsen the social ills

scholarly journals Des acteurs étatiques : Léviathan en Amérique

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Zylberberg
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Socialism ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
American States ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Masses

This paper deals with the internal dynamics of the Latin American States. Having identified the demographic changes - urbanization, rejuvenating process, widespread education — the author introduces the social changes which have caused the spreading to the masses, to social segmentation and individualization. This is followed by a study of the ideologies which relate the social orientations of the individuals or segmented groups with the overall representations which value authoritarianism, populism, nationalism and state socialism. The analysis of authoritarian ideologies, of social individualism, and of the fragmentized political rivalries validates the internal hypothesis according to which the state actors of Latin America operate with considerable autonomy on the international scène as compared to the other actors.

The Significance of Institutionalism for Increasing Wealth at Multi-Levels of Latin American Small States

2016 ◽  
pp. 47-66
Author(s):  
Otto Mena ◽  
Leon Miller
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
General Public ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Small States ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liberal Approach ◽  
Implementing Strategies

The text states the problem in connection with defining the dilemma of small states, the advantages and disadvantages of being small and gives a brief background of how the problem developed, a brief history of how dependency developed and at the same time offers a solution, a futuristic perspective on development planning that eliminates the problem of dependency. The authors argue that the attempts of supra national institutions and NGO's to foster a Neo Liberal approach to development without implementing strategies for bolstering the social institutions of particular states has crippled their effort to create sustained economic development, although it has contributed to spiking material assets and creating a bubble for the financial sector and certain segments of production but per capita income of the general public has not benefited from such strategies and indeed on some cases their interest of the general public has been hurt.

Environmental Rationality

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Enrique Leff
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Ecological Balance ◽  
Politics Of Difference ◽  
Economic Paradigm ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Culture And Development

Renovating our thinking as humankind (rethinking nature, culture and development) is an imperative to approach the challenges of environmental crisis and to orient the social construction of a sustainable world. If environmental crisis is a predicament of knowledge, beyond the task of reinventing science, innovating technology and managing information, we must face the challenge of inventing new ways of thinking, organizing and acting in the world; of reorienting our ethical principles, modes of production and social practices for the construction of a sustainable civilization. Innovation for sustainability is drawn by alternative rationalities. I will argue that rationality of modernity has limited capacities to reestablish the ecological balance of the planet, while environmental rationality opens new perspectives to sustainability: the construction of a new economic paradigm based on neguentropic productivity, a politics of difference and an ethic of otherness. Paramount to this purpose is the contribution of Latin American Environmental Thinking.

scholarly journals ‘Race might be a unicorn, but its horn could draw blood’: Racialisation, Class and Racism in a Non-Western Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 089692052199209
Author(s):  
Zaheer Baber
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Racial Projects ◽  
The Social

In this article, the concepts of ‘racialisation’, ‘racial projects’, and ‘racisms’ are deployed to analyse the social construction of distinctive groups and the dynamics of group conflicts in India where the white vs. non-white binary as the key element of race relations does not exist. My main argument is that in India the racialisation of specific groups constructs racial categories that intersect with class relations, to produce inequalities and struggles over material and non-material resources. A related argument is that despite the seemingly seamless braiding of race and class, it is in fact class that plays a more significant role in producing as well as sustaining racialised social inequality.

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