The effects of hypocaloric, high-protein diets on cardiovascular risk factors and weight loss in metabolically healthy obese adults: a systematic review

Background: This systematic review has been undertaken in order to assess the effects of hypocaloric, high-protein diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors such as serum lipid levels in metabolically healthy obese adults. The primary outcomes measured include changes in pre- and post- diet mean BMI, LDL-C, HDL-C, TAG, and TC levels. Method: Four databases including: Embase, MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane and Web of Science were searched with no restrictions on language or publication period. Clinicaltrials.gov was also searched in order to identify unpublished or on-going studies. Results: Three of four studies included in this systematic review noted a significantly greater loss in pre- and post- diet mean BMI levels in the hypocaloric, high-protein diet group as compared to hypocaloric, non-high protein diets (control). Whilst pre- and post-diet mean LDL-C, HDL-C, TAG, and TC levels did not differ significantly among hypocaloric, high-protein and control diet groups. Conclusion: Hypocaloric, high-protein diets had an unclear effect on blood-lipid levels as compared to control. Weight loss however was significantly greater in the hypocaloric, high-protein group as compared to other hypocaloric, non-high-protein diet groups.

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Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults

JAMA Internal Medicine ◽

10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 177 (7) ◽

pp. 930 ◽

Cited By ~ 146

Author(s):

John F. Trepanowski ◽

Cynthia M. Kroeger ◽

Adrienne Barnosky ◽

Monica C. Klempel ◽

Surabhi Bhutani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Weight Maintenance ◽

Obese Adults ◽

Metabolically Healthy Obese ◽

Alternate Day Fasting ◽

Healthy Obese ◽

Metabolically Healthy

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Thermogenic effect and substrate oxidation of protein from animal and plant sources in adults

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia ◽

10.22146/ijcn.19292 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 136

Author(s):

Ahmed Fahmy Arif Tsani ◽

Lee Myung Joo ◽

Kim Eun Kyung

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

High Protein ◽

Nutrient Source ◽

Oxidation Rates ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Plant Sources ◽

Postprandial Energy Expenditure

Background: Changing nutrient source is one of the efforts to increase thermogenic effect (TEF) which may be significant for body weight reduction.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high protein diets using animal (chicken) and plant (tofu) sources on the thermogenic effect (TEF) and substrate oxidation.Method: Ten female adults (mean age 20.8+1.2 y) participated in two isocaloric diet ingestions. Each meal provided 30% of the daily basal energy need (32/26/42% as protein/fat/carbohydrates, respectively). Postprandial energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry.Results: There were no significant differences in TEF and substrate oxidation. The postprandial fat oxidation rate was higher than that at the preprandial state, while carbohydrate and protein oxidation rates were lower.Conclusion: No differences were observed in TEF and substrate oxidation in animal- and plant-based diets. A high protein diet could be beneficial for weight loss, but animal protein does not appear to offer superior benefits compared to plant protein.

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Effects of a high protein diet on body weight and comorbidities associated with obesity

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512002322 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (S2) ◽

pp. S122-S129 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Peter Clifton

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Meat Intake ◽

Vegetarian Diets ◽

Artery Disease ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Harmful Effects

Red meat intake has been frequently associated with the development of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes but vegetable protein has been associated with protection from these diseases. Whether this is related to the protein per se or to the increased polyunsaturated fat or higher fibre levels associated with more vegetarian diets is not clear.High protein diets are associated with greater satiety and in some studies are associated with greater weight loss compared with high carbohydrate diets especially in an ad libitum design. These diets also lower plasma triglyceride and blood pressure and sometimes spare lean mass. There appear to be no harmful effects of high protein diets on bone density or renal function in weight loss studies.

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High protein diet: benefits and risks

Obesity and metabolism ◽

10.14341/omet12662 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 393-400

Author(s):

M. V. Altashina ◽

E. V. Ivannikova ◽

E. A. Troshina

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Eating Patterns ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Mineral Bone Density

The nature of human nutrition has become increasingly important as an effective element in the prevention and treatment of many pathologies, especially obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. High protein diets are some of the most popular eating patterns and the Dukan diet has taken the lead in popularity among the diets of this type. An increase of protein in the diet is effective in reducing body weight, primarily due to the loss of adipose tissue, without a significant effect on muscle mass. Another advantage of a high-protein diet is earlier and longer satiety compared to other diets, which makes it comfortable for use. Besides obesity, high protein diets are presumably effective for treating such diseases as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases However, despite the important advantages, this nutritional model is not universal and is contraindicated in patients with diseases of liver, kidneys and osteoporosis. Besides, the prolonged use of a high protein diet may increase the risks of urolithiasis and reduced mineral bone density even for healthy individuals. Thus, the increase in the proportion of protein in the diet should take place exclusively under the supervision of a physician.

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Reply to the letter to the editor: Lifestyle interventions on weight loss among metabolically healthy obese women

Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 2933-2934

Author(s):

M. Palau-Rodríguez ◽

M. Garcia-Aloy ◽

M. Rosa Bernal-Lopez ◽

R. Gómez-Huelgas ◽

F.J. Tinahones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Lifestyle Interventions ◽

Obese Women ◽

Metabolically Healthy Obese ◽

Letter To The Editor ◽

Healthy Obese ◽

Metabolically Healthy

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Impact of Intensive Lifestyle Modification on Levels of Adipokines and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Metabolically Healthy Obese Women

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2019/4165260 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ricardo Gomez-Huelgas ◽

Josefina Ruiz-Nava ◽

Sonia Santamaria-Fernandez ◽

Antonio Vargas-Candela ◽

Ana Victoria Alarcon-Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Lifestyle Modification ◽

Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽

Inflammatory Biomarker ◽

Metabolically Healthy Obese ◽

Group 3 ◽

Healthy Obese ◽

Metabolically Healthy ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Background. For the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) subjects, it is unclear whether weight loss provides cardiometabolic benefits. Our objective was to evaluate whether changes in adipokine and inflammatory biomarker levels were related to lifestyle modification (with Mediterranean diet and physical exercise program). Methods. 115 women (35-55 years) with BMI of 30-40 kg/m2 and ≤1 metabolic syndrome criteria were included. After a 2-year intervention, participants were classified by percent weight loss: Group 1, <5%; Group 2, ≥5%-<10%; and Group 3, ≥10%. Anthropometric data, inflammatory biomarker (IL-6, TNFa, and hsCRP) and adipokine levels (adiponectin and resistin), and lifestyle program adherence at baseline and 2 years were analyzed. Results. The final sample comprised 67 women. 23 (38.3%) lost <5%, 22 (36.7%) lost ≥5%-<10%, and 22 (36.7%) lost ≥10% of baseline weight. After 2 years, in Group 1, adiponectin, hsCRP, IL-6, and TNFa decreased (-1.2 ng/ml, p=0.003; -2.1 mg/l, p=0.003; -2.4 pg/ml, p<0.001; and -2.4 pg/ml, p=0.001, respectively) and resistin increased (+2.4 ng/ml, p<0.001). In Group 2, hsCRP and IL-6 decreased (-2.0 mg/l, p=0.009 and -2.6 pg/ml, p=0.001) but TNFa increased (+0.2 pg/ml, p=0.02). In Group 3, resistin increased (+3.5 ng/ml, p<0.001) but hsCRP, IL-6, and TNFa decreased (-2.0 mg/l, p=0.009; -2.5 pg/ml, p<0.001; and -4.1 pg/ml, p<0.001). Adiponectin, hsCRP, and physical exercise correlated significantly to subjects’ dietary adherence. Conclusion. Weight loss reduces inflammatory biomarkers in the MHO but induces a deterioration in the adipokine profile, which does not improve with diet and exercise intervention. These findings allow us to clarify mechanisms behind inflammation and metabolic disorder genesis so as to prevent development of obesity-associated comorbidities.

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Efficacy and consequences of very-high-protein diets for athletes and exercisers

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665111000024 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 205-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Kevin D. Tipton

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Kidney Damage ◽

High Protein ◽

Absolute Amount ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

High Protein Intake ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Very High

Athletes and exercisers have utilised high-protein diets for centuries. The objective of this review is to examine the evidence for the efficacy and potential dangers of high-protein diets. One important factor to consider is the definition of a ‘high-protein diet’. There are several ways to consider protein content of a diet. The composition of the diet can be determined as the absolute amount of the protein (or other nutrient of interest), the % of total energy (calories) as protein and the amount of protein ingested per kg of body weight. Many athletes consume very high amounts of protein. High-protein diets most often are associated with muscle hypertrophy and strength, but now also are advocated for weight loss and recovery from intense exercise or injuries. Prolonged intake of a large amount of protein has been associated with potential dangers, such as bone mineral loss and kidney damage. In otherwise healthy individuals, there is little evidence that high protein intake is dangerous. However, kidney damage may be an issue for individuals with already existing kidney dysfunction. Increased protein intake necessarily means that overall energy intake must increase or consumption of either carbohydrate or fat must decrease. In conclusion, high protein intake may be appropriate for some athletes, but there are potential negative consequences that must be carefully considered before adopting such a diet. In particular, care must be taken to ensure that there is sufficient intake of other nutrients to support the training load.

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Effect of adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy on responses of rat liver enzymes to high-protein diets

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o68-188 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 1253-1260 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

R. A. Freedland

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Rat Liver ◽

Liver Enzymes ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Metabolic Function ◽

Simple Pattern ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

Although many enzymes are increased by either a high-protein diet or cortisol adminstration, there was no evidence of a glucocorticoid requirement for the high-protein mediated increases. This was particularly noticeable for enzymes markedly increased by feeding a high-protein diet. Neither adrenalectomy nor hypophysectomy prevented the diet-mediated increases, although in certain instances the responses were decreased. Many enzymes which were unaffected or decreased in the intact rat by feeding a high-protein diet had markedly different responses after endocrine removal. There did not appear to be a general or simple pattern of these altered responses. Therefore predictions on possible activity changes could not be made, except for those enzymes normally increased by a high-protein diet on the basis of metabolic function or hormonal effects. Possible hormonal controls of these changes in enzyme activity are discussed.

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Body niacin status in diabetes mellitus: Effect of protein level in a ration

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl11329 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 41-43

Author(s):

R Ye Sadykova ◽

V M Kodentsova ◽

A V Dreval

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Protein Level ◽

Alloxan Diabetes ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

High Dose ◽

Nicotinamide Coenzymes ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

Administration of a high-protein diet providing 7-7.8 g of tryptophan per kg of the ration to rats with streptozotocin and alloxan diabetes mellitus resulted in development of a trend to increased liver content of nicotinamide coenzymes and in increased 1-methylnicotinamide excretion with the urine in both groups of animals, this reflecting increased niacin synthesis from tryptophan. Sugar-reducing effect of high-dose nicotinamide was not potentiated by increase of protein share in the ration. These results permitted the authors to suggest that intensification of endogenous niacin synthesis from tryptophan contained in the ration may be one of the mechanisms of a protective effect of high- protein diets in diabetes.

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