scholarly journals Physiological Alterations due to Acceleration and Gravity: A Brief Review of Recent Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibajyoti Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Aircraft Pilots

Studies on physiological effects due to gravitation and acceleration have become a hot topic of research since the last century. Scientists and engineers have been putting their best efforts to excavate more about the physiological changes that occur in jet aircraft pilots and astronauts. This study focuses on a few prominent and recent observations related to the alterations of physiological functioning due to gravitational and acceleration forces.

scholarly journals VII. EnteropathogenicEscherichia coli: physiological alterations from an extracellular position

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. G1-G7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Hecht
Keyword(s):  
Host Cells ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Infantile Diarrhea ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Host Target ◽  
Extracellular Location ◽  
Secretory Apparatus

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is primarily associated with infantile diarrhea in developing countries. This intriguing pathogen exerts numerous physiological effects on its host target tissue, the intestinal epithelium, all from an extracellular location. Expression of a type III secretory apparatus allows this organism to transfer bacterial effector molecules directly into host cells. As a result of EPEC attachment to and/or translocation of proteins into intestinal epithelial cells, many signaling cascades are activated. Ultimately, host functions are perturbed, including alteration of ion transport, disruption of the tight junction barrier, and activation of the inflammatory response.

Physiological bases for parasite-induced alterations of host behaviour

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 109 (S1) ◽  
pp. S119-S138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Thompson ◽  
M. Kavaliers
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Behavioural Interactions ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
Pathological Consequence

SUMMARYParasitism is defined in various ways as an intimate relationship in which one partner, the parasite, lives on or in another, the host, generally at the expense of the latter. Parasitism commonly results in a unique array of host physiological responses and adaptations. Most studies of the physiological effects of parasitism have focused on the pathological consequence of infection and disease. While many physiological changes contribute to pathogenesis, it is now recognized that parasitic infections at sub-clinical levels also produce physiological effects that either ameliorate or may not contribute to the disease process. Moreover, these physiological changes are often manifested by altered host behaviour. Behavioural studies have enabled an ecological- and evolutionary-oriented evaluation of host responses. In this fashion, physiological effects may be assessed as to whether they affect fitness and confer benefit or harm to one or both of the symbionts involved. We briefly examine how these physiological responses, specifically neural, endocrine, neuromodulatory, and immunomodulatory components, may interact to modify host behaviours. We consider the adaptiveness of these responses and how the behavioural patterns elicited may simultaneously appear adaptive for the parasite as well as the host. In addition, we address how parasite-host physiological and behavioural interactions may be altered during the course of parasitism.

Physiological effects of plasmid DNA transformation on Azotobacter vinelandii

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baernard R. Glick ◽  
Heather E. Brooks ◽  
J. J. Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Plasmid Dna ◽  
Azotobacter Vinelandii ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Dna Transformation ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Broad Host Range Plasmid

Genetic transformation of Azotobacter vinelandii by the introduction of broad-host-range plasmid DNA (i.e., pRK2501, RSF1010, or pGSS15) causes a number of physiological changes. As shown here, the capacity for nitrogen fixation, mean cell size, and synthesis of siderophores are decreased, whereas the production of capsular slime is enhanced. These findings suggest that the presence of plasmid DNA imposes a "metabolic load" on Azotobacter vinelandii. Therefore, it cannot be assumed a priori that the introduction of plasmid DNA into Azotobacter vinelandii will not disrupt some normal physiological processes. The implications of these findings are discussed, specifically in the context of developing Azotobacter vinelandii as an effective bacterial fertilizer by genetic manipulation.

scholarly journals Haemodynamic Changes in the Superior Mesenteric Artery Induced by Acupuncture Stimulation on the Lower Limbs

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Watanabe ◽  
Shin Takayama ◽  
Yoshiko Yamamoto ◽  
Satoru Nagase ◽  
Takashi Seki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superior Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Haemodynamic Changes ◽  
Manual Rotation ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Stimulation Group ◽  
Acupoint Stimulation

Acupuncture is commonly performed on acupoints. A comparison of quantitative physiological alterations induced by stimulation on different acupoints has never been performed in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in humans. Therefore, we investigated changes in blood flow volume (BFV) in the SMA as an indicator of physiological effects induced by stimulation on 3 points. Thirty healthy participants aged29±10years (mean±SD) were enrolled. All participants underwent stimulations on 3 points located in the lower legs: ST36, LR3, and a non-acupoint. Control pertains to a condition with no-stimulation. Stimulation was performed bilaterally with manual rotation of the needles. BFV was measured by ultrasonography before insertion and 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes after stimulation. Following acupuncture on ST36, BFV increased significantly 20 and 30 minutes after stimulation, compared to BFV before insertion (P<0.05). Following stimulation on LR3 and the non-acupoint, no significant differences in BFV could be found. Relative to the no-stimulation group, stimulation on LR3, and the non-acupoint, stimulation on ST36 elicited a significant increase in BFV (P<0.05). The results suggest that stimulation on the different points causes distinct physiological effects in BFV in the SMA.

scholarly journals Changes in respiratory function following the intramuscular administration of etorphine to boer goats (Capra hircus)

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E. Buss ◽  
D.G.A. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Respiratory Effects ◽  
Physiological Dead Space ◽  
Boer Goats ◽  
Dead Space Ventilation

The physiological effects on respiratory function of etorphine (M99, Logos Agvet) (30 µg/kg) administered intramuscularly were determined in boer goats. The goats were habituated to the experimental procedures so that respiratory function could be determined while the animals stood quietly at rest. This enabled the physiological changes induced by etorphine to be measured and compared with those obtained before administration of the immobilising drug. The effectiveness of diprenorphine (M5050, Logos Agvet) (3 mg/1 mg etorphine) as an antagonist of the physiological changes induced by the etorphine treatment was also determined. Etorphine depressed respiratory function, which resulted in a decrease in PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2. These changes were limited and occurred as a result of decreases in respiratory minute volume and alveolar minute ventilation caused by a decrease in respiratory rate. The physiological shunt fraction did not change significantly but there was a significant decrease in percentage physiological dead space ventilation. It was not possible to determine how effectively diprenorphine reversed the respiratory effects due to etorphine.

scholarly journals Sociopsychological and physiological effects of a robot-assisted therapy for children with autism

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 172988141773689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaishankar Bharatharaj ◽  
Loulin Huang ◽  
Ahmed Al-Jumaily ◽  
Rajesh Elara Mohan ◽  
Chris Krägeloh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Before And After

This article reports our findings from a robot-assisted therapeutic study conducted over 49 days to investigate the sociopsychological and physiological effects in children with autism spectrum disorder using a parrot-inspired robot, KiliRo, that we developed to help in therapeutic settings. We investigated the frequency of participants’ interactions among each other and assessed any changes in interaction using social network analysis. Interactions were assessed through manual observation before and after exposure to the robot. Urinary and salivary tests were performed to obtain protein and α-amylase levels, respectively, to report the physiological changes in participating children with autism spectrum disorder before and after interacting with the robot. This is a pioneering human–robot interaction study to investigate changes in stress levels using salivary samples. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial oxygen saturation level in blood were also monitored to investigate the physiological changes in participating children before, during, and after interacting with our parrot-inspired robot, KiliRo. The results show that the robot can help increase social interaction among children with autism spectrum disorder and assist in learning tasks. Furthermore, the clinical biochemistry test report using urinary and salivary samples indicates that the stress levels of children with autism reduced notably after interacting with the robot. Nevertheless, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen levels in blood did not show positive change in all participants.

scholarly journals Physiological considerations in seating

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. U. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Lung Perfusion ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Abdominal Compression ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
Haemodynamic Changes ◽  
Specific Position ◽  
Neurological Response ◽  
The Individual

Physiological changes occur with change of posture. Seating imposes significant effect on the cardiovascular, respiratory, abdominal, renal and neurological systems. Seating imposes significant effect on the cardiovascular, respiratory, abdominal, renal and neurological systems. The presence of severe skeletal deformities can significantly alter the physiological responses of the individual to changes in posture. In the case of severe kyphoscoliosis profound haemodynamic changes may occur. Lung perfusion has been shown to be posture dependent and the imposition of a specific seated position may have profound effects. This may compound existing lung problems for example bronchiectasis, which is not uncommon in these individuals, leading to hypoventilation. Abdominal compression which can occur with the patient in a flexed position can exacerbate a hiatus hernia, which can be both uncomfortable for the patient and may lead to feeding difficulties. The flexion at the hips of the lower limbs may also lead to problems of renal drainage especially where there is a catheter or other drainage appliance. Seating significantly affects many neurological reflexes. For example the presence of an extensor pattern can be helped by the adoption of a flexed position. The presence of pain can also influence the neurological response to a specific position. Those providing seating systems must consider the physiological effects that occur and compromise ‘between these and the other requirements.’

scholarly journals Allosteric activation of M4 muscarinic receptors improve behavioral and physiological alterations in early symptomatic YAC128 mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (45) ◽  
pp. 14078-14083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristano Pancani ◽  
Daniel J. Foster ◽  
Mark S. Moehle ◽  
Terry Jo Bichell ◽  
Emma Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Positive Allosteric Modulator ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Exciting Possibility

Mutations that lead to Huntington’s disease (HD) result in increased transmission at glutamatergic corticostriatal synapses at early presymptomatic stages that have been postulated to set the stage for pathological changes and symptoms that are observed at later ages. Based on this, pharmacological interventions that reverse excessive corticostriatal transmission may provide a novel approach for reducing early physiological changes and motor symptoms observed in HD. We report that activation of the M4 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reduces transmission at corticostriatal synapses and that this effect is dramatically enhanced in presymptomatic YAC128 HD and BACHD relative to wild-type mice. Furthermore, chronic administration of a novel highly selective M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) beginning at presymptomatic ages improves motor and synaptic deficits in 5-mo-old YAC128 mice. These data raise the exciting possibility that selective M4 PAMs could provide a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HD.

Hypertension as a Disease of Modern Society

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Eyer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Work Pressure ◽  
The Difference

About 50 per cent of people in modem societies have blood pressure sufficiently elevated to result in increased mortality. This proportion is much smaller in undisrupted societies of hunter-gatherers. In most cases the elevated blood pressure in modern societies is associated with physiological changes characteristic of chronic stress. The difference between blood pressure in modern populations and that in undisrupted hunter-gatherer societies cannot be accounted for by genetic differences or differences in salt consumption. Two primary features of modern society which contribute to the elevation of blood pressure are community disruption and increased work pressure. Drug therapy and relaxation therapies for hypertension attempt to counteract the physiological effects of social stress. However, it is more appropriate to use the occurrence of hypertension as an indicator of fundamental social problems which need to be solved.

scholarly journals The incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejana Popovic ◽  
Sanja Mazic ◽  
Dejan Nesic ◽  
Ljiljana Scepanovic ◽  
Branimir Aleksandric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function

Introduction. Despite remarkable advances in medicine and sports, sudden cardiac death remains a significant problem. Incidence of sudden cardiac death. The incidence of sudden cardiac death varies in different studies and there are no systematic data about it. It varies in different types of sports, with age and sex. Sudden cardiac death and physical activity. Many changes in cardiac morphology and function represent an adaptive response to physical activity. As a result, the heart undergoes profound morphologic, functional and electro-physiological alterations. But as there are different kinds of physical activities, the degree of these morphological changes is highly variable. It is needless to say how important it is to know which changes in the heart due to physical activity are normal, and when they are pathological. Considering the results of many studies, the main cause of sudden cardiac death is hypertrophic cardiomiopathy. Conclusion. It is very important to distinguish physiological changes of the heart due to physical activity, and pathological changes due to some cardiac diseases. That is why, clear recommendations on intensity, type, duration and frequency of physical training in every sports discipline are necessary. That is the only way to decrease the incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes. .

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