scholarly journals Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Resources Available at Higher Education Institutes of Sindh and Students’ Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-391
Author(s):  
Ubed Ur Rehman ◽  
Jamil Ahmed ◽  
Rasool Bux Maher ◽  
Aneela Yasmeen
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Private Higher Education ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Engineering And Technology ◽  
Students Satisfaction

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 40, No. 2, 383 - 391, April 2021 p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219 DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.2102.12 This is an open access article published by Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro under CC BY 4.0 International License. 383 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Resources Available at Higher Education Institutes of Sindh and Students’ Satisfaction Ubed Ur Rehman1a, Jamil Ahmed1b, Rasool Bux Maher1c, Aneela Yasmeen2RECEIVED ON 13.02.2019, ACCEPTED ON 03.05.2019 ABSTRACT The present study was focused on the available Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities and students’ satisfaction in three public and two private Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) of Hyderabad and Jamshoro city. This cross-sectional study recorded WASH facilities in 21 departments of 5-HEIs and satisfaction appraisal of 630 students in total. The survey was also supplemented with quality analysis of Point of Use (PoU) drinking water. The results revealed that the overall 85.7 and 47.6% contamination of the drinking water samples were recorded due to total and thermo-tolerant coliforms, respectively. Further, physiochemical parameters were found in the permissible limits as provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and arsenic was not detected in any of the water samples. In total 25% of the toilet facilities were found non-functional. All monitored HEIs were found having sufficient quantity of water however, 95% hand-washing stations did not supply soap/ detergent for hand-washing. Moreover, this study divulges that there is a significant relationship between WASH facilities like water quality (χ2= 7.55*; p=0.023), toilets functioning (χ2= 45.39**; p=0.002), and washing facilities (χ2= 37.29**; p=0.000) in HEIs and student’s satisfaction in HEIs. Thus, it can be concluded that the poor WASH facilities in HEIs could affect the students’ satisfaction leading to affect their performance in the studies, negatively.

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality Analysis of Domestic Water Sources from Hand Dug Wells In Gwallameji, Bauchi State

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufunmilayo I Ndububa ◽  
Abubakar U Ardo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Dug Wells

Lack of access to safe and adequate domestic water supplies contributes to poverty levels through the economic costs of poor health and the high proportion of household expenditure on safe water supplies. Gwallameji, a community on the outskirts of Bauchi town has no access to municipal water supply from Bauchi town, groundwater water, mainly hand dug wells are used as domestic water sources. The quality of water available from these hand dug wells  in the community were determined by the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water samples collected from domestic water points in the community. The results from the water samples were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) Standards for Drinking Water. High levels of Nitrate and Chromium above recommended levels from the standard were found in all water samples. Concentrations of Calcium highest value of 213mg/l and Magnesium a highest value of 22.02 mg/l at levels higher than recommended levels for drinking water were also obtained in all samples. It was recommended that restrictions on farming activities with use of fertilizers and location of latrines around domestic water sources should be enforced. Hand dug wells should be at a distance of at least 30m from soak away pits and pit latrines. Well lining and cover should be provided for all hand dug wells to reduce contamination of water from these sources. Increased and continued environmental interventions through public health education by community based health workers, awareness and sensitization campaigns should be carried out for improved household and community sanitation in the area.

scholarly journals Diarrhea prevalence in a randomized, controlled prospective trial of point-of-use water filters in homes and schools in the Dominican Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Tintle ◽  
Kristin Van De Griend ◽  
Rachel Ulrich ◽  
Randall D. Wade ◽  
Tena M. Baar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dissolved Metals ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Diarrhea Prevalence ◽  
Clean Drinking Water ◽  
Post Filter

Abstract Background Lack of sustainable access to clean drinking water continues to be an issue of paramount global importance, leading to millions of preventable deaths annually. Best practices for providing sustainable access to clean drinking water, however, remain unclear. Widespread installation of low-cost, in-home, point of use water filtration systems is a promising strategy. Methods We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled trial whereby 16 villages were selected and randomly assigned to one of four treatment arms based on the installation location of Sawyer® PointONE™ filters (filter in both home and school; filter in home only; filter in school only; control group). Water samples and self-reported information on diarrhea were collected at multiple times throughout the study. Results Self-reported household prevalence of diarrhea decreased from 25.6 to 9.76% from installation to follow-up (at least 7 days, and up to 200 days post-filter installation). These declines were also observed in diarrhea with economic or educational consequences (diarrhea which led to medical treatment and/or missing school or work) with baseline prevalence of 9.64% declining to 1.57%. Decreases in diarrhea prevalence were observed across age groups. There was no evidence of a loss of efficacy of filters up to 200 days post-filter installation. Installation of filters in schools was not associated with decreases in diarrhea prevalence in school-aged children or family members. Unfiltered water samples both at schools and homes contained potential waterborne bacterial pathogens, dissolved heavy metals and metals associated with particulates. All dissolved metals were detected at levels below World Health Organization action guidelines. Conclusions This controlled trial provides strong evidence of the effectiveness of point-of-use, hollow fiber membrane filters at reducing diarrhea from bacterial sources up to 200 days post-installation when installed in homes. No statistically significant reduction in diarrhea was found when filters were installed in schools. Further research is needed in order to explore filter efficacy and utilization after 200 days post-installation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03972618. Registered 3 June 2019—retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical quality of drinking water in the Njoro sub-county in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-507
Author(s):  
Philip Ruciaka Kirianki ◽  
Edward Muchiri ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Njoro sub-county in Kenya suffers from constant water shortages causing the residents to rely on both improved and unimproved water sources in the area. The households in the sub-county also use different household storage containers to store drinking water in times when water is not readily available. This study was therefore undertaken to assess selective physico-chemical parameters of water used by the population for drinking purposes using standard assessment methods. A total of 372 water source samples and 162 storage container water samples were tested over a period of three months. Turbidity (0.70–273.85 NTU), iron (0.7–2.10 mg/L), fluoride (0.15–4.01 mg/L), manganese (0.01–0.37 mg/L), and nitrate (0.09–27.90 mg/L) levels in water samples were generally higher than the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) and/or the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality recommendations for safe drinkable water. The results from this study support the need for continuous monitoring and treating drinking water at the points of collection and of consumption to minimize the long-term health effects on communities consuming this water.

scholarly journals Establishing Sustainable Development Goal Baselines for Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bain ◽  
Richard Johnston ◽  
Francesco Mitis ◽  
Christie Chatterley ◽  
Tom Slaymaker
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), through the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), are responsible for global monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). The SDGs represent a fundamental shift in household WASH monitoring with a new focus on service levels and the incorporation of hygiene. This article reflects on the process of establishing SDG baselines and the methods used to generate national, regional and global estimates for the new household WASH indicators. The JMP 2017 update drew on over 3000 national data sources, primarily household surveys (n = 1443), censuses (n = 309) and administrative data (n = 1494). Whereas most countries could generate estimates for basic drinking water and basic sanitation, fewer countries could report on basic handwashing facilities, water quality and the disposal of waste from onsite sanitation. Based on data for 96 and 84 countries, respectively, the JMP estimates that globally 2.1 billion (29%) people lacked safely managed drinking water services and 4.5 billion (61%) lacked safely managed sanitation services in 2015. The expanded JMP inequalities database also finds substantial disparities by wealth and sub-national regions. The SDG baselines for household WASH reveal the scale of the challenge associated with achieving universal safely managed services and the substantial acceleration needed in many countries to achieve even basic services for everyone by 2030. Many countries have begun to localise the global SDG targets and are investing in data collection to address the SDG data gaps, whether through the integration of new elements in household surveys or strengthening collection and reporting of information through administrative and regulatory systems.

scholarly journals Metalliferous content of drinking water and sediments in storage tanks of some schools in Erbil city, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hawraz Sami Khalid ◽  
Hoshyar Saadi Ali ◽  
Dhary Almashhadany
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality Indices

The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water in randomly selected schools in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The water quality indices such as the Heavy metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy metal Evaluation Index (HEI) were applied to characterize water quality. Eighteen schools were incorporated and sampled for their water storage tanks available to students. Water samples and sediment samples from tanks floor were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer for the determination of twenty-two metal elements. In drinking water samples, all detected metals did not exceed the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. The results of this study showed that the average values of HPI and HEI for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn were 54.442 and 0.221, respectively. According to data of the water quality indices, the schools drinking water quality are good and suitable for drinking in terms of heavy metals. However, sediments samples contained high concentrations of all elements including the toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, and Pb). Re-suspension of sediments into water column after refilling storage tanks can pose a serious threat to students drinking water from such vessels. It is therefore recommended that proper storage tanks are provided to the schools accompanied by continuous sanitation and hygiene practice to mitigate the corrosion of tanks to avoid health risks of toxic metal

scholarly journals Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Samples of Tunceli, Turkey

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olcay Kaplan ◽  
Nuran Cikcikoglu Yildirim ◽  
Numan Yildirim ◽  
Nilgun Tayhan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

The drinking water quality is associated with the conditions of the water supply networks, the pollution and the contamination of groundwater with pollutants of both anthropogenic and natural origin. In this study, water samples were taken from four different waterworks in Tunceli, Turkey and heavy metals concentrations (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Hg) were measured. Four sampling sites were pre-defined in different locations of the city. The obtained results showed that, the heavy metals concentrations in water samples did not exceed the values of WHO (World Health Organization), EC (Europe Community), EPA (Environment Protection Agency) and TSE-266 (Turkish Standard) guidelines.

Bacterial quality of drinking water sources and antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayeh Abera ◽  
Mulugeta Kibret ◽  
Goraw Goshu ◽  
Mulat Yimer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Probable Number

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the bacterial quality and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Enterobacteriaceae from drinking water in Bahir Dar city. A total of 140 water samples were collected in the wet and dry periods from springs (n = 4), reservoirs (n = 10) and private tap water at households (n = 126). Bacteriological analysis of water was conducted using multiple tube method. Overall, 21.4%, 18.6% and 17.8% of drinking water samples had total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC) and Escherichia coli, respectively. All spring water samples and 29.2% of private tap water had the highest TC load (18 most probable number/100 mL, 95% CI: 100). For FC, 81.4% of the drinking water supplies tested complied with both World Health Organization and Ethiopian Standards. High levels of resistance (98–100%) were observed for ampicillin by Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All P. aeruginosa isolates and 20 (66.7%) of E. coli revealed multiple drug resistance. Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited high levels of antimicrobial resistance. The bacterial quality of drinking water in Bahir Dar city was poor. Microbial surveillance and monitoring with periodic assessment on physical integrity of the water pipelines need to be undertaken.

scholarly journals Fluoride Variations in Rivers on the Slopes of Mount Meru in Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo J. Kitalika ◽  
Revocatus L. Machunda ◽  
Hans C. Komakech ◽  
Karoli N. Njau
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Fluoride Ions ◽  
The World

This study reports the variations of fluoride ions in rivers on the slopes of Mount Meru in the northern part of Tanzania. More than 318 water samples were collected from Temi, Nduruma, Tengeru, and Maji ya Chai Rivers in both wet (mid-March and April) and dry (August) seasons. The samples were analyzed for fluoride levels using Ion Selective Electrode (ISE). The minimum and maximum average fluoride levels in the wet season were 0.24±0.03 mg/l and 65.20±0.03 mg/l, respectively, whereas the average lowest and highest levels in the dry season were 1.02±0.02 mg/l and 69.01±0.03 mg/l, respectively. Tengeru River had the lowest fluoride levels in both seasons, whereas Maji ya Chai recorded the highest fluoride levels in both seasons. The headwater of all rivers with the exception of Maji ya Chai met the World Health Organization’s (WHO) maximum acceptable fluoride levels of 1.50 mg/l and the downstream environment qualified for Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) maximum permissible fluoride concentration in drinking water of 4.00 mg/l. Also, the laboratory experiments showed that fluoride containing rocks exposed to pH above 7.6 display high leaching of F− in solution which gradually increased with the increase in pH, indicating that dissolution of fluoride in water is a function of pH.

Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Mongolian Plateau and its Pollution Levels

Inner Asia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Nagafuchi ◽  
Koyomi Nakazawa ◽  
Kanji Okano ◽  
Ken’ichi Osaka ◽  
Yuki Nishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mongolian Plateau

Increasing large-scale and rampant small-scale mining activity in Mongolia is raising fears about the possibility of regional environmental pollution. To characterise the level of groundwater pollution related to large- and small-scale underground resource development in the Mongolian plateau, we analysed 10 groundwater and 3 surface water samples collected from three areas: the Oyu Tolgoi mining area (n = 3), the Tavan Tolgoi mining area (n = 9) and an abandoned small-scale gold-mining site in the suburban of Ulaanbaatar (n = 1). The samples were collected between 29 August and 5 September 2012. Measurement parameters included pH; electrical conductivity; dissolved organic carbon; dissolved nitrogen; and the concentrations of major ions and trace elements. Principal component analyses, Piper diagrams and enrichment factor analyses were applied to a set of hydrochemical data. Water samples were analysed to identify components that may adversely affect the regional environment and human health. Analytical measurements showed that the studied sites were highly affected by fossil salt water and trace elements derived from anthropogenic activity. We found that groundwater samples from the Oyu Tolgoi area were more polluted than those from the Tavan Tolgoi area. Because wells in the pasture area adjacent to the mining sites supply drinking water for livestock and nomads, it is especially important to monitor these wells for NO3−, As and Se, for which the World Health Organisation has established drinking-water guidelines. The concentrations of NO3−, As and Se in wells may be used as indicators to evaluate the human and livestock health risks related to mining activity in this area.

scholarly journals IMPACTS OF DUMPSITE ON SOIL AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF ERINFUN COMMUNITY, ADO EKITI, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
F., F. Akinola ◽  
M., O. Lasisi ◽  
B., S. Awe
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Groundwater pollution has increased as a result of poor waste disposal practices in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations in order to investigate the impact of dumpsites on groundwater and soil quality in Erinfun community. Four (4) water samples were collected hand dug well and four (4) soil samples designated Ss1 to Ss4 were collected at distances of 10, 20, 30 and 40 m, respectively, away from the waste dumpsite. Physicochemical parameters and traces such as odour, colour, taste and temperature, as well as Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolve Oxygen, Total Dissolve Solid, pH, and chloride were measured in collected water samples. Collected soil samples were also analyzed for heavy metals such as Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Chromium, and Lead. All the physical parameters of the water samples analysed were found not to be within the acceptable limit of World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality standards. The chemical constituents tested were within the acceptable limit of World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality except for the Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolve Oxygen of water samples 1 and 2, respectively. The concentration of trace metals in water sample test were within health limit except for Magnesium and Iron which has the highest concentrations in water sample 1 at 10 m away from dumpsite (61.00 mg/l and 0.46 mg/l). Consequently, open dumpsites are discouraged, and constructed standard landfills with appropriate monitoring guidelines are recommended.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document