scholarly journals Physico-chemical quality of drinking water in the Njoro sub-county in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-507
Author(s):  
Philip Ruciaka Kirianki ◽  
Edward Muchiri ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Njoro sub-county in Kenya suffers from constant water shortages causing the residents to rely on both improved and unimproved water sources in the area. The households in the sub-county also use different household storage containers to store drinking water in times when water is not readily available. This study was therefore undertaken to assess selective physico-chemical parameters of water used by the population for drinking purposes using standard assessment methods. A total of 372 water source samples and 162 storage container water samples were tested over a period of three months. Turbidity (0.70–273.85 NTU), iron (0.7–2.10 mg/L), fluoride (0.15–4.01 mg/L), manganese (0.01–0.37 mg/L), and nitrate (0.09–27.90 mg/L) levels in water samples were generally higher than the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) and/or the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality recommendations for safe drinkable water. The results from this study support the need for continuous monitoring and treating drinking water at the points of collection and of consumption to minimize the long-term health effects on communities consuming this water.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Various Bottled Commercial Water Brands in Okada Town, Edo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
F. W. Ngubi ◽  
I. Eiroboyi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Health Organization

In this study, Physico-chemical assessment of some commercial drinking water sold in bottles in Okada Town was evaluated to ascertain their compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS): Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality threshold limits using standard analytical methods. Seven different bottled water samples obtained from different manufacturers labelled BWA to BWG were analyzed physically and chemically. Physical examination of the samples showed that they were odourless, colourless, and tasteless. Chemical quality parameters examined were pH, Chloride (Cl-), total hardness (TS), Phosphate (PHO3-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS). The pH values of 57.1% of the water samples (BWA, BWB, BWC, BWE & BWF) were within the standards. The remaining chemical quality parameters (Cl-, TS, PHO3-, NO3-, Sulphate SO42-, Iron Fe, K, NA, Mn, Zn, TDS, Conductivity, turbidity, and TSS) of the branded bottled water samples were within the standards for clean and safe drinking. Therefore, they were considered safe and fit for human consumption. 

scholarly journals COMPLIANCE OF COMMERCIAL BLEACHES AND STABILITY OF 1 G/L-DILUTIONS USING DIFFERENT SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
María Emilia Gavelli ◽  
Laura Carolina Luciani Giacobbe ◽  
Carolina Bustos Fierro ◽  
María Eugenia Olivera
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Chlorine Concentration ◽  
Active Chlorine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Different Sources

Introduction and objectives: In the context of COVID-19, the World Health Organization has recommended the use of extemporaneously prepared bleach solutions of 1 g/L, as a conservative concentration able to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and the vast majority of other pathogens that may be present in the healthcare setting. Consequently, there is a renewed interest in conducting stability studies of these solutions. The goal of this work was to verify the available chlorine concentration in several bleach solutions trademarks and to propose a beyond use date for 1 g/L bleach solutions, obtained after dilution with drinking water from different sources. Methods: Bleach trademarks, with nominal concentrations between 25-60 g/L, were subjected to iodometric titration to determine the available chlorine concentration. One trademark was used to prepare 1 g/L dilutions using water from different purification plants in Córdoba, Argentina. The samples were stored at room-temperature, both exposed or protected from light. The available chlorine concentration was determined by titration at preestablished time intervals. The beyond use date was reached when the available chlorine concentration dropped below 90 % of its initial. Results: The concentration of active chlorine in the different trademark bleaches was within the values established by current regulations. Diluted solutions protected from light showed a decrease of less than 10 % in active chlorine concentration during the first 10 days of assay. However, one sample exceeded the acceptance limit after 14 days. In contrast, in the samples exposed to light, the concentration of active chlorine dropped to 96.4 % at 24 hours and 79.3 % after 48 hours. No differences related to drinking water sources were observed. Conclusions: Compliance of the nominal available chlorine concentration in trademark bleach solutions was confirmed. Regardless the water source used for dilution, 1 g/L bleach solutions were stable for 10 days when stored at room temperature and protected from light. Instead, solutions exposed to light maintain their available chlorine concentration for only 24 hours.

scholarly journals Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Samples of Tunceli, Turkey

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olcay Kaplan ◽  
Nuran Cikcikoglu Yildirim ◽  
Numan Yildirim ◽  
Nilgun Tayhan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

The drinking water quality is associated with the conditions of the water supply networks, the pollution and the contamination of groundwater with pollutants of both anthropogenic and natural origin. In this study, water samples were taken from four different waterworks in Tunceli, Turkey and heavy metals concentrations (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Hg) were measured. Four sampling sites were pre-defined in different locations of the city. The obtained results showed that, the heavy metals concentrations in water samples did not exceed the values of WHO (World Health Organization), EC (Europe Community), EPA (Environment Protection Agency) and TSE-266 (Turkish Standard) guidelines.

scholarly journals IMPACTS OF DUMPSITE ON SOIL AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF ERINFUN COMMUNITY, ADO EKITI, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
F., F. Akinola ◽  
M., O. Lasisi ◽  
B., S. Awe
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Groundwater pollution has increased as a result of poor waste disposal practices in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations in order to investigate the impact of dumpsites on groundwater and soil quality in Erinfun community. Four (4) water samples were collected hand dug well and four (4) soil samples designated Ss1 to Ss4 were collected at distances of 10, 20, 30 and 40 m, respectively, away from the waste dumpsite. Physicochemical parameters and traces such as odour, colour, taste and temperature, as well as Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolve Oxygen, Total Dissolve Solid, pH, and chloride were measured in collected water samples. Collected soil samples were also analyzed for heavy metals such as Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Chromium, and Lead. All the physical parameters of the water samples analysed were found not to be within the acceptable limit of World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality standards. The chemical constituents tested were within the acceptable limit of World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality except for the Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolve Oxygen of water samples 1 and 2, respectively. The concentration of trace metals in water sample test were within health limit except for Magnesium and Iron which has the highest concentrations in water sample 1 at 10 m away from dumpsite (61.00 mg/l and 0.46 mg/l). Consequently, open dumpsites are discouraged, and constructed standard landfills with appropriate monitoring guidelines are recommended.

scholarly journals Measurement of Content of 226Ra in Drinking Water From Some States of Mexican Republic by Liquid Scintillation Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
A. Ángeles ◽  
E. Quintero ◽  
I. Gaso ◽  
C. P. Zepeda ◽  
T. Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Gross Alpha ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Health Organization

To assess the quality of drinking water in respect to the content of radioactivity, usually is carried out an screening program in the locations of interest, that program consist in pick representative samples of drinking water from the wells in that locations, water samples are analyzed to measuring the gross alpha/beta radioactivity by a low background proportional counter or a liquid scintillation system. When some sample exceeds the normative limit then it must be known which radionuclides are in that sample. Expected radionuclides in water are the NORM (normal occurring radioactive material) from the natural radioactive chains. 226Ra is frequently present in drinking water and is one of most important radionuclide because its “radiotoxicity”, the WHO [World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking-water Quality, (2016)] recommends a reference level for 226Ra of 1 Bq/L (the dose coefficient for 226Ra is 2.8 x 10-7 Sv/Bq). From a national program of drinking water screening in the Mexican Republic, the samples that exceeded the national normative limits were picked again in the same well and analyzed by LS (liquid Scintillation), using the method of two phases with a not water miscible scintillator cocktail. Results of concentrations of 226Ra from drinking water are presented. In general the content of 226Ra in drinking water samples was lower that the guide values recommended for the WHO.

scholarly journals Drinking water quality and human dimensions of cholera patients to inform evidence-based prevention investment in Karonga District, Malawi

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2079-2087
Author(s):  
Prince Kaponda ◽  
Suresh Muthukrishnan ◽  
Rory Barber ◽  
Rochelle H. Holm
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Cholera remains a problem in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Malawi. Our aim was to investigate drinking water source quality compared with water treatment, risk perception and cholera knowledge for patients who had reported to a health center for treatment in the 2017–2018 outbreak in Karonga District, Malawi. The study analyzed 120 drinking water samples linked to 236 cholera patients. Nearly 82% of the samples met the national criteria for thermotolerant coliforms of 50 cfu/100 ml, while 50% met the more stringent World Health Organization criteria of 0 cfu/100 ml. In terms of the human dimensions, 68% of survey respondents reported that they treated their water, while knowledge of prevention, transmission and treatment of cholera was also generally high. However, of the 32 patients whose drinking water sources had thermotolerant coliforms of 200+ cfu/100 ml, seven reported they felt a low or no personal risk for contracting cholera in the future and their community was extremely well prepared for another outbreak. The cost of a reactive response to cholera outbreaks puts a burden on Malawi, providing an opportunity for investment in innovative and localized preventive strategies to control and eliminate the risk of cholera while acknowledging social and cultural norms.

scholarly journals Heavy metal assessment in drinking waters of Ecuador: Quito, Ibarra and Guayaquil

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1050-1064
Author(s):  
Isabel Cipriani-Avila ◽  
Jon Molinero ◽  
Eliza Jara-Negrete ◽  
Miren Barrado ◽  
César Arcos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Assessment ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Chemical elements, which are present in drinking water, could vary due to water sources, treatment processes or even the plumbing materials. Most of these elements do not represent a threat, while others, such as heavy metals, have been proven to cause harmful effects over human and aquatic wildlife. In this study, the quality of drinking water in three cities in Ecuador, Quito, Ibarra and Guayaquil was assessed through a multielement analysis and the heavy metal pollution index (HPI). A total of 102 drinking water samples and six natural water samples were collected and analyzed. Within the scope of analysis, results show that water quality complies with local and international guidelines. HPI did not show significant differences in the water that is supplied to the different neighborhoods of the three cities studied. However, actions should be taken to protect the sources of water, especially in Guayaquil, due to the presence of lead and chromium. For instance, lead was found in 2.8% of the samples in concentrations above World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values. Thus, we suggest to assessing the quality and age of the plumbing system within the whole country, in order to avoid drinking water contamination with heavy metals.

scholarly journals The Current Status of Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality of Sundarijal Reservoir

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Ram Prasad Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Characters ◽  
Health Organization

Physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological characteristics of water were studied in sample collected from Sundarijal reservoir in January 2018. The present sanitary condition and human activities near the water bodies were also observed. It has been found that the physico-chemical characters were within the standard of World Health Organization (WHO) and National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) for drinking water though the public awareness and proper management of watershed and reservoir premises were lacking. However, the coliform bacteria were high and water was not safe to consume without intense treatments with disinfectants.

scholarly journals Manganese in potable water of nine districts, Bangladesh: Human health risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Aminur Rahman ◽  
Md. Abul Hashem ◽  
Md. Sohel Rana ◽  
Md. Rashidul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Safe drinking water is directly linked to good human health. An excessive amount of manganese (Mn) in drinking water supplies causes people show symptoms of neurotoxicity. In this study, the level of Mn in potable water sourced from tube wells located in 9 (nine) districts of Bangladesh was monitored. In total 170 (one hundred and seventy) water samples were collected and Mn was quantified by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The levels of Mn found in the tube well water samples of Sirajganj, Meherpur, Chuadanga, Jhenaidah, Magura, Faridpur, Jashore, Satkhira, and Khulna were 0.37–1.86, 0.10–4.11, 0.30–0.76, 0.26–0.94, 0.01–0.18, 0.21–1.78, 0.08–1.23, 0.05–0.27 and 0.01–2.11 mg/L, respectively. Results revealed that Mn level was beyond the highest contaminated levels of 0.1 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L, which are recommended by Bangladesh Drinking Standard (BDS) and World Health Organization (WHO), respectively. The maximum Mn contaminated level reached up to 4.11 mg/L (mean: 0.53 mg/L). The Mn level in tube well water exceeded 51.1% and 75.9% set by the recommended value of WHO and BDS, respectively. Furthermore, the calculated hazard quotient (HQ) value for Mn was observed to be greater than unity, indicating both children and adults risked potential non-carcinogenic health issues. The water supply authorities should take steps to provide Mn-free drinking water for communities.

scholarly journals Concentration of heavy metals in the drinking water of Kut city - Iraq and their impact on health

2021 ◽  
Vol 2114 (1) ◽  
pp. 012050
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yahya R Al-Yasiri ◽  
Hadi Dwaich Z. Al-Attabi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City

Abstract The quality of drinking water is related to the state of the water supply networks, pollution, and contamination of drinking water with contaminants of both anthropogenic and natural origin. Water samples were collected from 22 different waterworks in Kut, Iraq, and heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Ni, and Zn) were analyzed. In various parts of the city, 22 sampling sites were pre-defined. The results indicated that heavy metal concentrations in water samples did not surpass WHO guidelines (World Health Organization).

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