scholarly journals A Systematic Analysis of the Alpine Saxifrage Complex (Saxifragaceae) in the Canadian Arctic Islands Using Morphology and Chloroplast DNA Data

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Healy ◽  
Lynn J. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Site Analysis

The Saxifraga nivalis complex displays significant ecological, morphological and cytological variation. Most European studies suggest that the S. nivalis complex comprises two distinct species: Saxifraga nivalis sensu stricto and Saxifraga tenuis. However, the presence of intermediate morphotypes, inconsistencies in chromosomal counts and variability in morphological keys and descriptions have led to different taxonomic interpretations of the complex in North America. This study investigated the systematics of Canadian Arctic Island members of this complex from 157 specimens using 23 morphological characters. Principal component analysis of the morphological data revealed two adjacent clusters, corresponding to the two taxa and consistent with a close morphological similarity and the presence of hybrids. A preliminary restriction site analysis of five non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome, trnH-trnK, trnT-trnF, trnF-trnV, trnV-rbcL and rbcL-ORF106, was conducted using 21 restriction endonucleases. This analysis indicated a length difference between the trnT-trnF region of S. nivalis and that of S. tenuis, but no difference in restriction sites for any of the assayed regions. These results confirm that in the Canadian Arctic, the S. nivalis complex consists of two closely related, largely sympatric species, with notable morphological variability, and possible hybrids.

scholarly journals Morphological and genetic diversity of Senecio vulgaris L. (Asteraceae) in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Ebadi ◽  
Rosa Eftekharian
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Cauline Leaf ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Principal Coordinates

Senecio vulgaris L., an annual herb belonging to the Asteraceae, is widely distributed in different regions of the world. There is no information on the intraspecific variations of the morphological and molecular features of this species. In the present investigation, we studied the morphological and genetic diversity of 81 accessions of S. vulgaris collected from 10 geographical populations. Eleven inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used for the examination of genetic variations among the populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and GST analyses revealed significant differences among the investigated populations. A significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance was revealed by the Mantel test. However, reticulation analysis indicated the occurrence of gene flow among most of the populations studied. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot showed that the number of capitula, length of the cauline leaf and plant height were the most variable morphological characters. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot revealed two groups of populations, according to molecular and morphological data. The results suggested the existence of possible intraspecific taxonomic ranks within this species.

scholarly journals Morphological variability of acorns and its taxonomic significance in Quercus. from Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Bakis ◽  
MT Babaç
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Quercus Species ◽  
Different Populations

Morphological variations of acorn among and within the groups of Quercus species were studied. A total of 617 acorns belonging to 14 species representing all 3 sections of Quercus L. (Fagaceae) in Turkey were examined in this study. Specimens were collected from 47 different populations over both Anatolian and Thrace part of Turkey. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the morphological characteristics of acorns. Results obtained from this study demonstrate the use of morphological characters in differentiating the taxa of Quercus and Cerris sections studied. Another important finding is the introgression among the acorns of species within Quercus section DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i3.21601 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(3): 293-299, 2014 (December)

Genetic divergence and geographic diversification in Nautilus

Paleobiology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Wray ◽  
Neil H. Landman ◽  
W. Bruce Saunders ◽  
James Bonacum
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Geographic Diversification ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Systematic Analysis

Despite exhaustive investigation of present-day Nautilus, the phylogenetic relationships of the five or six recognized species within this genus remain unclear. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data plus a suite of morphological characters are used to investigate phylogenetic relationships. Systematic analysis of the morphological variation fails to characterize described species as independent lineages. However, DNA sequence analysis indicates that there are three geographically distinct clades consisting of western Pacific, eastern Australian/Papua-New Guinean, and western Australian/Indonesian forms. The morphologically and genetically distinct species Nautilus scrobiculatus falls outside the three geographically recognized assemblages. Members of the genus Nautilus also exhibit low levels of sequence divergence. All these data suggest that Nautilus is currently undergoing diversification, which may have begun only several million years ago. These data also suggest that some of the morphological features used to define Nautilus species may simply represent fixed variations in isolated populations within the same species.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability and Diversity Analysis in Pod and Seed Characters of Some Neglected and Underutilized Legumes (NULs)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
J. O. Agbolade ◽  
T. P. Olakunle ◽  
K. M. Popoola ◽  
J. A. Idowu ◽  
A. I. Isiaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pod Length ◽  
100 Seed Weight

In response to the paucity of information challenge on the neglected and underutilized legumes, this paper explored pods and seeds morphological data of the twenty-four accessions of these crops with a view to establishing the occurrence of genetic variability and diversity analysis among the studied taxa. Twenty-four accessions of neglected and underutilized legumes (NULs) obtained from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria were assessed for genetic variability and diversity analysis through Pod and seed morphological characters. Each accession was planted into plot of 5 ridges of 5 meter long, spaced 1 meter apart and replicated three times at the teaching and research farm of the Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics was employed to evaluate differences in the mean values of the accessions while discriminatory traits among accessions were identified by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Similarities among the studied plants were assessed by cluster analysis. The first two principal component axes explained 72% of the total variation. Pod length, pod width and 100-seed weight were traits that contributed most of the variations in the legume accessions. There was a display of intra-species similarities and inter-specific genetic diversity among the studied accessions.

scholarly journals A new species of Chromis damselfish from the tropical western Atlantic (Teleostei, Pomacentridae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1008 ◽  
pp. 107-138
Author(s):  
Emily P. McFarland ◽  
Carole C. Baldwin ◽  
David Ross Robertson ◽  
Luiz A. Rocha ◽  
Luke Tornabene
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Deep Reef ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
A New Species

Initially described in 1882, Chromis enchrysurus, the Yellowtail Reeffish, was redescribed in 1982 to account for an observed color morph that possesses a white tail instead of a yellow one, but morphological and geographic boundaries between the two color morphs were not well understood. Taking advantage of newly collected material from submersible studies of deep reefs and photographs from rebreather dives, this study sought to determine whether the white-tailed Chromis is actually a color morph of Chromis enchrysurus or a distinct species. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genes cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I separated Chromis enchrysurus and the white-tailed Chromis into two reciprocally monophyletic clades. A principal component analysis based on 27 morphological characters separated the two groups into clusters that correspond with caudal-fin coloration, which was either known or presumed based on the specimen’s collection site according to biogeographic data on species boundaries in the Greater Caribbean. Genetic, morphological, and biogeographic data all indicate that the white-tailed Chromis is a distinct species, herein described as Chromis vanbebberaesp. nov. The discovery of a new species within a conspicuous group such as damselfishes in a well-studied region of the world highlights the importance of deep-reef exploration in documenting undiscovered biodiversity.

Morphological variability withinOesophagostomum bifurcumamong different primate species from Ghana

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. de Gruijter ◽  
J. Blotkamp ◽  
R.B. Gasser ◽  
S. Amponsah ◽  
A.M. Polderman
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Distinct Population ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Olive Baboons ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
Length Width

AbstractAdultOesophagostomum bifurcum(Nematoda: Strongylida) from human and non-human primates from Ghana were compared in order to investigate the extent of morphological variability within the species. Using analysis of variance and principal component analysis, significant differences in morphological characters (such as parasite length, width, length of the oesophagus and length of spicules) were demonstrated betweenO. bifurcumworms from humans, the Mona, Patas or Green monkey and/or Olive baboons. These findings suggest thatO. bifurcumfrom different species of primate host represent distinct population variants, also supported by recent epidemiological and genetic studies ofO. bifurcumfrom such hosts.

Taxonomic revision of Carex chungii (Cyperaceae; sect. Mitratae) and allied species

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 317 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
XIAO-FENG JIN
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Specific Rank

In this paper, Carex chungii and other five names at species rank, plus one variety and one form, all from of C. sect. Mitratae, were revised. They constitute a group of morphologically very similar taxa, difficult to tell apart. Our study was based on literature survey, fieldwork, herbarium specimens, statistical analysis of morphological characters and SEM observations of achenes and perigynia. Analysis of morphological data of 94 individuals from eleven populations using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed five clusters, which we consequently considered to correspond to five species. The achenes of Carex genkaiensis were strikingly different from all the other species regarding achene apex contracted into a 0.2–0.5 mm long neck-like appendage (vs. into a discoid-annulate style-base), as well as its perigynium indumentum (pubescent vs. sparsely pubescent). Carex anhuiensis, C. xuanchengensis and C. truncatirostris f. erostris are all synonymized to C. truncatirostris. The previously recognized Carex kamagariensis from Japan is synonymized to C. chungii. Carex chungii var. rigida is recognized as specific rank and the new name C. nanpingensis is proposed. Our study is the first effort to address the taxonomy of this complicate group as a whole in its entire range.

scholarly journals Exploring systematic biases, rooting methods and morphological evidence to unravel the evolutionary history of the genus Ficus (Moraceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Yves Rasplus ◽  
Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez ◽  
Laure Sauné ◽  
Yang-Qiong Peng ◽  
Anthony Bain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gc Content ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Fig Trees

ABSTRACTDespite their ecological and evolutionary importance as key components of tropical ecosystems, the phylogeny of fig trees is still unresolved. We use restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing (ca 420kb) and 102 morphological characters to elucidate the relationships between 70 species of Ficus representing all known subgenera and sections and five outgroups. We compare morphological and molecular results to highlight discrepancies and reveal possible inference bias. We analyse marker and taxon properties that may bias molecular inferences, with existing softwares and a new approach based on iterative principal component analysis to reduce variance between clusters of samples. For the first time, with both molecular and morphological data, we recover a monophyletic subgenus Urostigma and a clade with all gynodioecious fig trees. However, our analyses show that it is not possible to homogenize evolutionary rates and GC content for all taxa prior to phylogenetic inference and that four competing positions for the root of the molecular tree are possible. The placement of the long-branched section Pharmacosycea as sister to all other fig trees is not supported by morphological data and considered as a result of a long branch attraction artefact to the outgroups. Regarding morphological features and indirect evidence from the pollinator tree of life, the topology that divides the genus Ficus into monoecious versus gynodioecious species appears most likely. Active pollination is inferred as the ancestral state for all topologies, ambiguity remains for ancestral breeding system including for the favored topology, and it appears most likely that the ancestor of fig trees was a freestanding tree. Increasing sampling may improve results and would be at least as relevant as maximizing the number of sequenced regions given the strong heterogeneity in evolutionary rates, and to a lesser extent, base composition among species. Despite morphological plasticity and frequent homoplasy of multiple characters, we advocate giving a central role to morphology in our understanding of the evolution of Ficus, especially as it can help detect insidious systematic errors that tend to become more pronounced with larger molecular data sets.

scholarly journals Distribution, variation, and relationship of Curcuma soloensis Valeton in Java, Indonesia based on morphological characters

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMAD JALIL ◽  
AZIZ PURWANTORO ◽  
BUDI SETIADI DARYONO ◽  
Purnomo PURNOMO
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract. Jalil M, Purwantoro A, Daryono BS, Purnomo. 2020. Distribution, variation, and relationship of Curcuma soloensis Valeton in Java, Indonesia based on morphological characters. Biodiversitas 21: 3867-3877. Curcuma soloensis Valeton (locally called temu genyeh) was a plant originating from Solomon Islands and was synonymous with Curcuma longa L. This plant was often considered to be turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) or temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.), because the rhizome is almost the same color. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution, variation, and relationship of C. soloensis in Java, Indonesia. Retrieval of data with exploratory roaming methods in 12 districts/cities in Java Island as a center for planting medicinal plants. Morphological character observations were made on habit, rhizome, roots, tubers, leaves, pseudo-stems, and flowers. Morphological data were analyzed by descriptive and numerical methods. Analysis of grouping with Gower Coefficients because it uses 45 binary and multistate data. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the role of each character in the grouping. Cluster analysis and PCA graphics were assisted with MVSP 3.1 software. The results of the study were obtained from 25 accessions of C. soloensis in East Java (Trenggalek, Pacitan, Ponorogo), Central Java (Wonogiri, Karanganyar, Magelang, Semarang), Yogyakarta (Yogyakarta City, Bantul, Gunungkidul), and West Java (Ciamis and Tasikmalaya). The variation of C. soloensis lies in habit, stem color, leaf shape, rhizome shape, rhizome flesh color, and tuber shape. The highest abundance percentage is in Pajangan, Tirtomoyo, and Tawangmangu. The dendrogram divides 32 OTUs into two clusters on the phenon line 0.617, namely cluster A (C. zanthorrhiza) and cluster B (C. soloensis and C. longa). PCA results showed that the characters that had the most role in grouping were leaf blade color, leaf blade length, rhizome shape, root color, rhizome taste, outer and inner rhizome flesh color.

scholarly journals Morphological variability of recent species of the order Cassiduloida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 423-437
Author(s):  
Andrea-Alejandra Caballero-Ochoa ◽  
Blanca-E. Buitrón-Sánchez ◽  
Carlos-A. Conejeros-Vargas ◽  
Brenda-L. Esteban-Vázquez ◽  
Mariana-P. Ruiz-Nava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Recent Species ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Character Correlations

ntroduction: In Mexico, there are two recorded living species of Cassiduloida: Cassidulus caribaearum and Rhyncholampas pacifica. Most of the taxonomic studies on cassiduloids have used external morphology, pedicellariae and morphometric characters; however, the intraspecific variation of quantitative and qualitative characters has been poorly evaluated. Objective: To compare the basic morphology of R. pacifica and C. caribaearum. Methods: We examined a total of 2 158 specimens of R. pacifica and C. caribaearum, selecting 50 to evaluate shape and size with linear regression and Principal Component analysis. We selected an additional 62 specimens per species to identify significant character correlations and morphological groups within species. Results: There is a direct relationship between Test length and Test width. Test height/Test width, and Total length (oral view)/Distance from the ambitus to the peristome apex, are the two main ratios to distinguish both species. C. caribaearum is more dorsoventrally compressed and has a round peristome base; versus R. pacifica has a tall and triangular one. There are four morphological groups of C. caribaearum and two groups for R. pacifica. Conclusions: These two species can be distinguished with reliable morphological characters, in which peristome shape suggests that R. pacifica is more adapted to burrowing deeper into certain types of substratum.

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