fig trees
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2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012062
Author(s):  
J Jauharlina ◽  
A Anhar ◽  
M Minarti

Abstract Fig trees (Ficus spp.) and their pollinating wasps (Hymenoptera; Agaonindae) are a unique system to study mutualism. Female fig wasps deposit eggs and develop their progeny in galled female flowers inside the figs, while fig wasps pollinate females flower inside the same figs. A study investigating fig tree species composition and pollinating wasps was conducted at Universitas Syiah Kuala campus, Banda Aceh. We recorded all fig tree species found in the area from Dec 2020 until June 2021. Ten semi-ripe fig fruits on each fig tree were sampled and brought to the laboratory to examine the wasps inside. We recorded 112 individuals fig trees that belonged to 11 species; most of them were monoecious species. The most abundant species was Ficus altissima, followed by F. Benjamina, and F. macrocarpa, while the least was F.racemosa and F. carica. A number of 20.7± 6.5 (Mean ± SE) female pollinator Eupristina koningsbergeri was counted in a single fig of F. benjamina compared to 350.4±45.4 (Mean ± SE) Ceratosolen fusciceps female wasps in fig of F.racemosa. This study has provided an example of obligate mutualism between different species in the local area, which has been observed since a long time ago.


2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012012
Author(s):  
Y A Mulyani ◽  
M D Kusrini ◽  
A Mardiastuti ◽  
R Oktaviani ◽  
A Kaban

Abstract Figs are recognized as keystone species in sustaining wildlife. Many studies showed that Dramaga Campus (Bogor) provides suitable wildlife habitat but no information available on the use of figs by wildlife in the area. This study aimed at identifying wildlife species and examining the role of weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) in the campus area. A rapid pre-survey was conducted to list wildlife species using fig trees in July 2020; observation on sample trees was conducted (September-November 2020) to obtain data on the type, time, and location of wildlife activities. The results showed that fig trees were used by mammals (4 species), birds (26 species), reptiles (12 species), and amphibians (2 species; found nearby the sample trees). Mammals used fig trees primarily as part of locomotion (59%) and feeding (28%), birds mainly were perching (63%) and feeding (29%), and reptiles mainly were found resting (86%). Mammals were active during day and night; birds were most active in the morning. Lizards were found during the day, while snakes were mainly observed during nighttime. Birds and mammals used lower to top strata, while reptiles used lower strata and trunk. Weeping figs have essential roles as wildlife habitats in peri-urban areas.


2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012061
Author(s):  
A Mardiastuti ◽  
Y A Mulyani ◽  
M D Kusrini

Abstract Fig trees area believed to be important bird habitat in the tropics, including in urban areas. The research objective was to reveal the bird species that visited Ficus benjamina in the low and high urbanization gradients in the tropics. Data were obtained in IPB University Darmaga Campus (low urbanization) and Sentul City (high urbanization) in Bogor (West Java, Indonesia), through direct observations of four trees per site in the morning, midday, late afternoon, and night, totalling 276 observation hours. Total of 29 bird species visited F. benjamina trees (26 species in low urbanization, 12 species in high), mainly insectivores, nectarivores, and frugivores birds. Nine species were common in both sites, i.e., Spotted Dove, Plaintive Cuckoo, Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker, Small Minivet, Common Iora, Sooty-headed Bulbul, Yellow-vented Bulbul, Common Tailorbird, Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker, and Olive-backed Sunbirds. Nocturnal birds (Collared Scops Owl, Large-tailed Nightjar) were present in low urbanization, but absent in high urbanization site, so did kingfishers (White-throated Kingfisher, Collared Kingfisher) and some other urbanization-prone species. The high urbanization site was characterized by the presence of Eurasian Tree Sparrow at the fig tree. This study showed that F. benjamina has an important role for diurnal and nocturnal birds, even in the high urbanization site.


Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1865
Author(s):  
Alessandra Francini ◽  
Mirko Sodini ◽  
Giulia Vicario ◽  
Andrea Raffaelli ◽  
Riccardo Gucci ◽  
...  

Fig trees are often grown in areas affected by salinity problems. We investigated changes in the concentrations of 15 phenolic compounds and mineral elements (Mg, Ca, K, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Fe, Na) in fruits of fig plants (Ficus carica L. cv. Dottato) subjected to irrigation with saline water (100 mM of NaCl) for 28 days. We used UHPLC-MS/MS techniques to determine chlorogenic acid, tiliroside, catechin, epicatechin (ECTC), p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, phloridzin, phloretine, quercetagetin 7-O-glucoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and quercetin. There was a steep gradient of Na+ concentrations between the root and the canopy of salinized plants, but leaf Na+ was similar in control and salt-treated plants. Quercetin, ECTC, and chlorogenic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in fig fruits. Salinity increased total phenols by 5.6%, but this increase was significant only for ECTC. Salt stress significantly increased Zn and Mg concentration in the fruit. Leaf levels of K, Mg, Ca, and Mn were similar in control and salinized plants. Moderate salt stress appears to improve fig fruit quality because of its positive effect on nutrients and antioxidant compounds such as epicatechin.


Author(s):  
Nabeel Al-Kaeath ◽  
Manel Elair ◽  
Lehad Arezki ◽  
Naima Mahfoudhi
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 918 (1) ◽  
pp. 012013
Author(s):  
Y A Mulyani ◽  
M D Kusrini ◽  
A Mardiastuti

Abstract Fig (Ficus spp.) trees have been known as keystone species in the tropics and provide food sources for various species. The study aimed to reveal the diversity of fig trees in a tropical urban residential area of Sentul City, Bogor, West Java, as a part of a bigger study on the wildlife-fig relationship. A purposively selected sample (270 ha of housing, boulevard) and all Ficus were censused. Data on species diversity, height, diameter, and fruiting stage were taken. There were 389 Ficus trees, belonging to 10 species, namely F. benjamina, F. binnendykii, F. caulocarpa, F. elastica, F. kurzii, F. lyrata, F. maclellandii, F. macrocarpa, F. septica, and F. variegata, of which two species (F. lyrata and F. maclellandii) were non-native species. Ficus were planted as a border, roadsides, shading trees, or ornament. Based on the number of individuals, the most common species was F. benjamina (63.75%), followed by F. kurzii (14.4%) and F. lyrata (9.5%). As the F. benjamina can grow big, only about half (56.4%) were in full tree condition, while the rest were pruned (15.5%), trimmed (14.7%), or cut off (13.4%). This study showed that the diversity of fig trees in residential areas of Sentul City, Bogor is affected by the area’s management.


2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yu ◽  
Yaolin Liao ◽  
Yufen Cheng ◽  
Yongxia Jia ◽  
Stephen G. Compton

Abstract Background The obligate mutualism between fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae) and pollinating fig wasps (Agaonidae) is a model system for studying co-evolution due to its perceived extreme specificity, but recent studies have reported a number of examples of trees pollinated by more than one fig wasp or sharing pollinators with other trees. This will make the potential of pollen flow between species and hybridization more likely though only few fig hybrids in nature have been found. We reared pollinator fig wasps from figs of 13 Chinese fig tree species and established their identity using genetic methods in order to investigate the extent to which they were supporting more than one species of pollinator (co-pollinator). Results Our results showed (1) pollinator sharing was frequent among closely-related dioecious species (where pollinator offspring and seeds develop on different trees); (2) that where two pollinator species were developing in figs of one host species there was usually one fig wasp with prominent rate than the other. An exception was F. triloba, where its two pollinators were equally abundant; (3) the extent of co-pollinator within one fig species is related to the dispersal ability of them which is stronger in dioecious figs, especially in small species. Conclusions Our results gave more examples to the breakdown of extreme specificity, which suggest that host expansion events where pollinators reproduce in figs other than those of their usual hosts are not uncommon among fig wasps associated with dioecious hosts. Because closely related trees typically have closely related pollinators that have a very similar appearance, the extent of pollinator-sharing has probably been underestimated. Any pollinators that enter female figs carrying heterospecific pollen could potentially generate hybrid seed, and the extent of hybridization and its significance may also have been underestimated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Ru Jiang ◽  
Hayato Masuya ◽  
Hisashi Kajimura

Ficus carica plantations in Japan were first reported to be infested by an ambrosia beetle species, identified as Euwallacea interjectus, in 1996. The purpose of this study was to determine the symbiotic fungi of female adults of E. interjectus emerging from F. carica trees infected with fig wilt disease (FWD). Dispersal adults (51 females) of E. interjectus, which were collected from logs of an infested fig tree in Hiroshima Prefecture, Western Japan, were separated into three respective body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) and used for fungal isolation. Isolated fungi were identified based on the morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data. Over 13 species of associated fungi were detected, of which a specific fungus, Fusarium kuroshium, was dominant in female head (including oral mycangia). The plant-pathogenic fungus of FWD, Ceratocystis ficicola, was not observed within any body parts of E. interjectus. We further discussed the relationship among E. interjectus and its associated fungi in fig tree.


2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-349
Author(s):  
Panaghiotis TSOPELAS ◽  
Nikoleta SOULIOTI ◽  
Michael J. WINGFIIELD ◽  
Irene BARNES ◽  
Seonju MARINCOWITZ ◽  
...  

Ceratocystis ficicola causes vascular wilt of fig trees in Japan, invading root systems and the main stems eventually leading to tree death. In surveys from 2018 to 2020 in fig orchards in Greece, this fungus was detected in two separated regions. The fungus was consistently isolated from infected wood and from rhizosphere soil. The isolates were identified based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of rpb2, bt1 and tef1 gene regions and detailed morphological characteristics, including comparisons with an ex-type isolate of C. ficicola from Japan. The pathogenicity of Greek isolates was proven on Ficus carica and F. benjamina plants. Ceratocystis ficicola is a soil-borne pathogen, and the occurrence of vascular wilt outbreaks suggest that the pathogen spreads within and between orchards with infested soil and wood debris during ploughing. The pathogen is also spreading in Greece with infected propagation material. This is the first detailed report of C. ficicola outside Japan, and there is concern over potential spread of the pathogen to other Mediterranean countries, where approx. 70% of the world fig production occurs.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1861
Author(s):  
Anna Mascellani ◽  
Lucia Natali ◽  
Andrea Cavallini ◽  
Flavia Mascagni ◽  
Giovanni Caruso ◽  
...  

Fig trees (Ficus carica L.) are commonly grown in the Mediterranean area, where salinity is an increasing problem in coastal areas. Young, fruiting plants of cv. Dottato were subjected to moderate salt stress (100 mM NaCl added to irrigation water) for 48 days before fruit sampling. To clarify the effect of salinity stress, we investigated changes in the transcription of the main sugar metabolism-related genes involved in the synthesis, accumulation and transport of soluble carbohydrates in ripe fruits by quantitative real-time PCR as well as the content of soluble sugars by quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A general increase in the transcript levels of genes involved in the transport of soluble carbohydrates was observed. Alkaline-neutral and Acid Invertases transcripts, related to the synthesis of glucose and fructose, were up-regulated in ripe fruits of NaCl-stressed plants without a change in the content of D-glucose and D-fructose. The increases in sucrose and D-sorbitol contents were likely the result of the up-regulation of the transcription of Sucrose-Synthase- and Sorbitol-Dehydrogenase-encoding genes.


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