scholarly journals Correlations between the anatomical traits of Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. in heartwood and sapwood of early- and latewood zones of growth rings

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1399-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusan Jokanovic ◽  
Dragica Vilotic ◽  
Suzana Mitrovic ◽  
Danijela Miljkovic ◽  
Milan Rebic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
T Test ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vessel Lumen ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Significant Difference

This paper shows correlations between vessel characteristics and differences in growth-ring width in heartwood and sapwood. Analyzed samples were from an iron-wood tree (Gymnocladus canadensis Lam.) that grew in the Muzljanski Rit area, of the Srpska Crnja municipality in Serbia. According to previous research, it was deduced that Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. belongs to ring-porous species with big vessel lumen in the earlywood zone and thicker cell walls in the latewood. Vessels were more numerous in the latewood zone, and the same was true for heartwood and sapwood. For both layers, sapwood possessed a few more vessels than heartwood, and a statistically significant difference was confirmed by t-test during the early phase. The greatest negative value of correlation coefficient was between the number of vessels and growth-ring width during the early phase for sapwood. The number of vessels decreased in the wider growth rings. The correlation between growth-ring width and the area of vessels had a statistically significant positive value of correlative coefficient, which means that wider growth rings had larger vessel areas in the early phase for sapwood.

Distribution of juvenile wood in two stems of Larixlaricina

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Yang ◽  
C. A. Benson ◽  
J. K. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vertical Variation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Growth Ring Width

The distribution and vertical variation of juvenile wood was studied in an 81-year-old dominant tree and an 83-year-old suppressed tree of Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Two criteria, growth ring width and tracheid length, were used to demarcate the boundary of juvenile wood. The width of juvenile wood, expressed in centimetres and the number of growth rings, decreased noticeably from the base to the top of the tree. The volume of juvenile wood decreased in a similar pattern. These decreasing trends had a strong negative correlation with the year of formation of cambial initials at a given tree level. The length of these cambial initials decreased with increasing age of formation of the cambial initials. In the juvenile wood zone, there was a positive linear regression between the growth ring number (age) and the tracheid length. The slopes of these regression lines at various tree levels increased as the age of the year of formation of the cambial initials increased. At a given tree level, the length of tracheids increased from the pith to a more uniform length near the bark. However, the number of years needed to attain a more uniform tracheid length decreased from the base to the top of the tree. These relationships suggest that the formation of juvenile wood is related to the year of formation of the cambial initials. Consequently, the juvenile wood is conical in shape, tapering towards the tree top.

scholarly journals Acoustic properties in Arizona cypress logs: A tool to select wood for sounding board

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 386-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Roonia ◽  
Mohammad-Ali Hossein ◽  
Seyed-Ehsan Alavi-Tabar ◽  
Ajang Tajdini ◽  
Ahmad Jahan-Latibari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Sound Radiation ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Growth Ring Width

In this study, variation in acoustic properties of Arizona cypress wood was monitored from pith to bark as affected by tapering of the growth ring width. Specific modulus of elasticity, acoustic coefficient, damping, and acoustic conversion efficiency were calculated. It was shown that the outer parts of the stem, close to the bark containing narrower growth rings, exhibited lower damping due to internal friction and higher sound radiation. Our finding theoretically justified the luthier craftsmen’s traditional preference toward timbers with narrow growth rings to make sounding boards in musical instruments.

scholarly journals Influence of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growth rings width on the strength properties of structural sawn timber

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5402-5416
Author(s):  
Piotr Mankowski ◽  
Izabela Burawska-Kupniewska ◽  
Slawomir Krzosek ◽  
Marek Grzeskiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Entire Cross Section ◽  
Class A ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Growth Ring Width

Annual growth ring width was considered relative to the mechanical properties of timber from the Silesian Forestry Region in Poland. The timber was acquired from raw wood aged approximately 120 years old, with log quality A, B, and C. The study was conducted on 210 pieces of timber; 70 of them were from each part of the log: butt, middle, and top. The tested parameters, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), were measured on fully dimensional timber (40 × 138 × 3500 mm3) that had been dried and planed in industrial conditions. The density of wood (stereometric method) and annual rings width were calculated after MOR and MOE determination on samples including the entire cross-section cut near the failure zone. The tests revealed that the correlation between the width of growth rings and MOE or MOR depended on the log area: it was the highest for timber from butt logs and the lowest for timber from top logs. Moreover, the correlation between growth ring width and MOE or MOR depended also on the quality class of the logs from which the samples were obtained: it was the highest for timber from class A, and the lowest for class C.

Effects of defoliation on growth, biomass allocation, and wood properties of Betula pendula clones grown at different nutrient levels

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seija Anttonen ◽  
Riikka Piispanen ◽  
Jari Ovaska ◽  
Pia Mutikainen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Growth Ring Width

Three-year old Betula pendula Roth clones were grown at two nutrient levels in a field experiment to investigate the responses and recovery in growth and wood properties to a range of defoliation levels (0–100%). No general threshold value of defoliation level for negative effects in growth was found, since the sensitivity of saplings to defoliation varied according to plant traits studied. However, responses were related to defoliation intensity. Saplings compensated for 25% defoliation in terms of height growth and number of current branches and were able to tolerate 50% defoliation without effects on diameter growth 1 year after the defoliation. Nutrient availability was significant only in determining how total biomass responded to defoliation. Fertilized saplings were able to tolerate 25% defoliation without reduction in total biomass, but nonfertilized saplings were not. The interaction between defoliation and fertilization disappeared in the second growing season after the defoliation. Saplings were not able to compensate for 75% defoliation in terms of total biomass or for 100% defoliation in terms of growth and branching even in 2 years' recovery time. In stemwood, complete defoliation reduced growth ring width and vessel diameter simultaneously and also induced a narrow zone of secondary xylem with defects. Our results suggest that defoliation level and recovery time played a crucial role in compensatory growth of birch saplings, while nutrient availability had a minor role.

Climate signals from intra-annual wood density fluctuations in Abies durangensis

IAWA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos González-Cásares ◽  
Marín Pompa-García ◽  
Alejandro Venegas-González
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Climate Signals ◽  
Hydroclimatic Variables

ABSTRACTOngoing climate change is expected to alter forests by affecting forest productivity, with implications for the ecological functions of these systems. Despite its great dendrochronological potential, little research has been conducted into the use of wood density as a proxy for determining sensitivity to climate variability in Mexico. The response of Abies durangensis Martínez, in terms of wood density and growth ring width, to monthly climatic values (mean temperature, accumulated precipitation and the drought index SPEI) was analyzed through correlation analysis. Abies durangensis presents a high response, in terms of radial growth, to climatic conditions. Tree-ring widths are more sensitive to hydroclimatic variables, whereas wood density values are more sensitive to temperature. In particular, mean (MeanD) and minimum (MND) wood density values are more sensitive to climate than maximum (MXD). We found very marked spatial variations that indicate that A. durangensis responds differently to drought conditions depending on the indices of density.

scholarly journals Effects of live crown on vertical patterns of wood density and growth in Douglas-fir

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L Gartner ◽  
Eric M North ◽  
G R Johnson ◽  
Ryan Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Wide Range

It would be valuable economically to know what are the biological triggers for formation of mature wood (currently of high value) and (or) what maintains production of juvenile wood (currently of low value), to develop silvicultural regimes that control the relative production of the two types of wood. Foresters commonly assume the bole of softwoods produces juvenile wood within the crown and mature wood below. We tested that assumption by comparing growth ring areas and widths and wood density components of the outer three growth rings in disks sampled from different vertical positions of 34-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees. The 18 trees were sampled from one site and had a wide range of heights to live crown. Most of the variance (63–93%) in wood characteristics (growth ring area: total, earlywood, latewood; growth ring width: total, earlywood, latewood; latewood proportion: by area, width; and ring density: total, earlywood, latewood) was due to within-tree differences (related to age of the disk). Stepwise regression analysis gave us equations to estimate wood characteristics, after which we analyzed the residuals with a linear model that included whether a disk was within or below the crown (defined as the lowest node on the stem with less than three live branches). After adjusting for tree and disk position, only 2–10% of the residual variation was associated with whether the disk was in or out of the live crown. There were no statistically significant differences at p = 0.05 between a given disk (by node number) in versus out of the crown for any of the factors studied. Moreover, the wood density characteristics were not statistically significant at p = 0.30. This research suggests that there was no effect of the crown position on the transition from juvenile to mature wood as judged by wood density. Therefore, we found no evidence to support the concept that tree spacing and live-branch pruning have a significant effect on the cambial age of transition from juvenile to mature wood in Douglas-fir trees of this age.

Beginnings of Olive Cultivation in Eastern Spain in Relation to Holocene Bioclimatic Changes

1996 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Frederic Terral ◽  
Genevieve Arnold-Simard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Vessel Density ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Neolithic Age ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Olive Cultivation ◽  
Wild Olive

Morphometric analyses show quantitative differences in anatomical characters of wood and charcoal between wild and cultivated olive. Samples from modern olive wood in eastern Spain (Levante) provide five distinctive anatomical criteria: growth width ring, vessel surface, number of vessels per group, vessel density, and vulnerability ratio. Multivariate analysis shows that growth ring width and number of vessels per group are both significant criteria for discriminating between wild and cultivated olive. Moreover, bioclimatic environments of wild olive (thermomediterranean and mesomediterranean stages) are distinguished by vessel density. Ancient olive charcoal from archaeological sites at Valencia and Alicante implies increasing aridification from the Cardial Neolithic to the Roman Period. This pattern may reflect the onset of a Mediterranean climate and human deforestation. Charcoal from cultivated specimens of early Neolithic age shows that the olive tree is the earliest cultivated temperate fruit.

Wood Structure and Growth Ring Width of Vital and Non-Vital Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga Menziesii) from a Single Stand in the Netherlands

IAWA Journal ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid de Kort
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
C 50

A comparison was made of diameter growth and wood structure in 26 trees of Douglas fir of different vitality cJasses in a decJining, c. 50- years old stand in De Peel (southeastern Netherlands). Ring width patterns agree cJosely but not perfectly with vitality cJasses as estimated by external appearance of the crown. The 'diseased' vitality cJasses all show growth reductions over the last 20 to 30 years. In the most diseased cJass no wood had been formed at all at the stern base over the last 4 to 10 years. The onset of growth reduction may be connected with the effect of air pollution in the last 40 to 50 years. The most striking result was the inverse relationship between growth rate in the first 10 to 15 years of growth, and growth rate in the last decades: all trees which are healthy at present showed slow radial growth when young, and all diseased to dead trees exhibited fast growth in their youth.

scholarly journals Growth ring width of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis and its relationship with wood proprieties

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (118) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Carlos Gonçalez ◽  
Nayara Santos ◽  
Francides Gomes da Silva Junior ◽  
Roberta Santos Souza ◽  
Marcella Hermida de Paula
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Growth Ring Width
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