Distribution of juvenile wood in two stems of Larixlaricina

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Yang ◽  
C. A. Benson ◽  
J. K. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vertical Variation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Growth Ring Width

The distribution and vertical variation of juvenile wood was studied in an 81-year-old dominant tree and an 83-year-old suppressed tree of Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Two criteria, growth ring width and tracheid length, were used to demarcate the boundary of juvenile wood. The width of juvenile wood, expressed in centimetres and the number of growth rings, decreased noticeably from the base to the top of the tree. The volume of juvenile wood decreased in a similar pattern. These decreasing trends had a strong negative correlation with the year of formation of cambial initials at a given tree level. The length of these cambial initials decreased with increasing age of formation of the cambial initials. In the juvenile wood zone, there was a positive linear regression between the growth ring number (age) and the tracheid length. The slopes of these regression lines at various tree levels increased as the age of the year of formation of the cambial initials increased. At a given tree level, the length of tracheids increased from the pith to a more uniform length near the bark. However, the number of years needed to attain a more uniform tracheid length decreased from the base to the top of the tree. These relationships suggest that the formation of juvenile wood is related to the year of formation of the cambial initials. Consequently, the juvenile wood is conical in shape, tapering towards the tree top.

scholarly journals Effects of live crown on vertical patterns of wood density and growth in Douglas-fir

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L Gartner ◽  
Eric M North ◽  
G R Johnson ◽  
Ryan Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Wide Range

It would be valuable economically to know what are the biological triggers for formation of mature wood (currently of high value) and (or) what maintains production of juvenile wood (currently of low value), to develop silvicultural regimes that control the relative production of the two types of wood. Foresters commonly assume the bole of softwoods produces juvenile wood within the crown and mature wood below. We tested that assumption by comparing growth ring areas and widths and wood density components of the outer three growth rings in disks sampled from different vertical positions of 34-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees. The 18 trees were sampled from one site and had a wide range of heights to live crown. Most of the variance (63–93%) in wood characteristics (growth ring area: total, earlywood, latewood; growth ring width: total, earlywood, latewood; latewood proportion: by area, width; and ring density: total, earlywood, latewood) was due to within-tree differences (related to age of the disk). Stepwise regression analysis gave us equations to estimate wood characteristics, after which we analyzed the residuals with a linear model that included whether a disk was within or below the crown (defined as the lowest node on the stem with less than three live branches). After adjusting for tree and disk position, only 2–10% of the residual variation was associated with whether the disk was in or out of the live crown. There were no statistically significant differences at p = 0.05 between a given disk (by node number) in versus out of the crown for any of the factors studied. Moreover, the wood density characteristics were not statistically significant at p = 0.30. This research suggests that there was no effect of the crown position on the transition from juvenile to mature wood as judged by wood density. Therefore, we found no evidence to support the concept that tree spacing and live-branch pruning have a significant effect on the cambial age of transition from juvenile to mature wood in Douglas-fir trees of this age.

scholarly journals Acoustic properties in Arizona cypress logs: A tool to select wood for sounding board

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 386-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Roonia ◽  
Mohammad-Ali Hossein ◽  
Seyed-Ehsan Alavi-Tabar ◽  
Ajang Tajdini ◽  
Ahmad Jahan-Latibari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Sound Radiation ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Growth Ring Width

In this study, variation in acoustic properties of Arizona cypress wood was monitored from pith to bark as affected by tapering of the growth ring width. Specific modulus of elasticity, acoustic coefficient, damping, and acoustic conversion efficiency were calculated. It was shown that the outer parts of the stem, close to the bark containing narrower growth rings, exhibited lower damping due to internal friction and higher sound radiation. Our finding theoretically justified the luthier craftsmen’s traditional preference toward timbers with narrow growth rings to make sounding boards in musical instruments.

Effect of growth rate on specific gravity of East-Liaoning oak (Quercusliaotungensis) wood

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Yin Zhang ◽  
Yuan Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Constant Growth Rate ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Constant Growth ◽  
Effect Of Age

The effect of growth rate on the specific gravity of East-Liaoning oak (Quercusliaotungensis Koidz.) wood was studied and statistically compared with the effect of age (ring number from the pith). Results revealed that age is a decisive factor in controlling the specific gravity of wood, while effect of growth rate on specific gravity is statistically less important. Furthermore, the effect of growth rate varies with ring width range, age, and position within one growth ring (earlywood, latewood, or the whole ring). Within narrower ring widths, specific gravity increases rapidly with increasing growth rate, then more slowly as ring width increases, and when ring width is beyond a specific range, specific gravity remains more or less constant. Growth rate shows little effect on specific gravity of juvenile wood, but with increasing age, the effect increases gradually to reach a significant level in mature wood. Growth rate does not affect specific gravity of latewood significantly, but it shows a greater effect on specific gravity of the whole ring.

Tracheid Length in Vital and Non Vital Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga Menziesii) in the Netherlands

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid de Kort
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Temporary Growth

Tracheid length in relation to growth ring width is recorded for five Douglas firs from different sites in the Netherlands. The investigated trees differed in vitality assessed by crown appearance. Non vital trees showed a growth reduction which coincides with a decrease in tracheid length. Temporary growth reductions in vital trees did not result in a decrease of tracheid length. The relations hip between tracheid length and ring width is discussed.

Radial Variation and Growth Rate in the Length of the Axial Elements Of Sessile Oak Wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Helińska-Raczkowska ◽  
Ewa Fabisiak
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Similar Relationship ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Axial Element

Radial variability of the axial element length in oak-wood is most prominent in the juvenile wood which inc1udes approximately 30 annual rings. The length of fibres, tracheids and vessel elements increases from the pith outwards according to a second degree curve. This dependence is most apparent for wood fibres, whereas it is the least distinct for vesseI elements. In the mature zone, anatomical elements are, on average, 10 to 20% Ion ger than in juvenile wood. With deteriorating conditions of tree growth, the length of the anatomical elements tends to increase. There is a negative correlation between length of the measured elements and growth ring width; this is most c1early so for fibres. A similar relationship exists between the length of anatomical elements and wood density.

scholarly journals Correlations between the anatomical traits of Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. in heartwood and sapwood of early- and latewood zones of growth rings

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1399-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusan Jokanovic ◽  
Dragica Vilotic ◽  
Suzana Mitrovic ◽  
Danijela Miljkovic ◽  
Milan Rebic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
T Test ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vessel Lumen ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Significant Difference

This paper shows correlations between vessel characteristics and differences in growth-ring width in heartwood and sapwood. Analyzed samples were from an iron-wood tree (Gymnocladus canadensis Lam.) that grew in the Muzljanski Rit area, of the Srpska Crnja municipality in Serbia. According to previous research, it was deduced that Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. belongs to ring-porous species with big vessel lumen in the earlywood zone and thicker cell walls in the latewood. Vessels were more numerous in the latewood zone, and the same was true for heartwood and sapwood. For both layers, sapwood possessed a few more vessels than heartwood, and a statistically significant difference was confirmed by t-test during the early phase. The greatest negative value of correlation coefficient was between the number of vessels and growth-ring width during the early phase for sapwood. The number of vessels decreased in the wider growth rings. The correlation between growth-ring width and the area of vessels had a statistically significant positive value of correlative coefficient, which means that wider growth rings had larger vessel areas in the early phase for sapwood.

scholarly journals Influence of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growth rings width on the strength properties of structural sawn timber

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5402-5416
Author(s):  
Piotr Mankowski ◽  
Izabela Burawska-Kupniewska ◽  
Slawomir Krzosek ◽  
Marek Grzeskiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Entire Cross Section ◽  
Class A ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Growth Ring Width

Annual growth ring width was considered relative to the mechanical properties of timber from the Silesian Forestry Region in Poland. The timber was acquired from raw wood aged approximately 120 years old, with log quality A, B, and C. The study was conducted on 210 pieces of timber; 70 of them were from each part of the log: butt, middle, and top. The tested parameters, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), were measured on fully dimensional timber (40 × 138 × 3500 mm3) that had been dried and planed in industrial conditions. The density of wood (stereometric method) and annual rings width were calculated after MOR and MOE determination on samples including the entire cross-section cut near the failure zone. The tests revealed that the correlation between the width of growth rings and MOE or MOR depended on the log area: it was the highest for timber from butt logs and the lowest for timber from top logs. Moreover, the correlation between growth ring width and MOE or MOR depended also on the quality class of the logs from which the samples were obtained: it was the highest for timber from class A, and the lowest for class C.

Cyclophytic effects on wood structure in Pinusradiata D. Don. II. Tracheid morphology

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Difference

The effects of apical ontogeny on xylem morphology in Pinusradiata were examined in grafted trees and in clonal pairs of trees grown from cuttings from hedge- and tree-form donors (H and T). At the time of sampling the grafted rootstocks were 21 years old, and trees from H and T plants were 11 years old from the date of planting rooted cuttings. In grafted trees tracheids were longer, and the rate of increase in tracheid length was greater above the graft. Since growth rings were narrower above the graft, the difference in rate of increase in tracheid length above and below the graft was greater when plotted against distance from pith than against growth ring number. In comparisons of H and T plants, T plants (expected to be at a later stage of apical ontogeny) produced fewer but longer and wider tracheids. Cell wall volumes per tracheid were greater in T plants, but because the tracheid diameters in H plants were smaller, wall volumes per unit tracheid volumes were consistently greater in H plants. The role of apical ontogeny in explaining patterns of anatomical variation within the stem is discussed. H and T plants of radiata pine were from the three mainland populations: Año Nuevo, Monterey, and Cambria. The Año Nuevo population produced the greatest numbers and the largest tracheids. The Monterey population had the shortest tracheids amongst H plants, but their tracheid lengths were equal to those of the Año Nuevo population in T plants.

Effects of defoliation on growth, biomass allocation, and wood properties of Betula pendula clones grown at different nutrient levels

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seija Anttonen ◽  
Riikka Piispanen ◽  
Jari Ovaska ◽  
Pia Mutikainen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Growth Ring Width

Three-year old Betula pendula Roth clones were grown at two nutrient levels in a field experiment to investigate the responses and recovery in growth and wood properties to a range of defoliation levels (0–100%). No general threshold value of defoliation level for negative effects in growth was found, since the sensitivity of saplings to defoliation varied according to plant traits studied. However, responses were related to defoliation intensity. Saplings compensated for 25% defoliation in terms of height growth and number of current branches and were able to tolerate 50% defoliation without effects on diameter growth 1 year after the defoliation. Nutrient availability was significant only in determining how total biomass responded to defoliation. Fertilized saplings were able to tolerate 25% defoliation without reduction in total biomass, but nonfertilized saplings were not. The interaction between defoliation and fertilization disappeared in the second growing season after the defoliation. Saplings were not able to compensate for 75% defoliation in terms of total biomass or for 100% defoliation in terms of growth and branching even in 2 years' recovery time. In stemwood, complete defoliation reduced growth ring width and vessel diameter simultaneously and also induced a narrow zone of secondary xylem with defects. Our results suggest that defoliation level and recovery time played a crucial role in compensatory growth of birch saplings, while nutrient availability had a minor role.

Climate signals from intra-annual wood density fluctuations in Abies durangensis

IAWA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos González-Cásares ◽  
Marín Pompa-García ◽  
Alejandro Venegas-González
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Climate Signals ◽  
Hydroclimatic Variables

ABSTRACTOngoing climate change is expected to alter forests by affecting forest productivity, with implications for the ecological functions of these systems. Despite its great dendrochronological potential, little research has been conducted into the use of wood density as a proxy for determining sensitivity to climate variability in Mexico. The response of Abies durangensis Martínez, in terms of wood density and growth ring width, to monthly climatic values (mean temperature, accumulated precipitation and the drought index SPEI) was analyzed through correlation analysis. Abies durangensis presents a high response, in terms of radial growth, to climatic conditions. Tree-ring widths are more sensitive to hydroclimatic variables, whereas wood density values are more sensitive to temperature. In particular, mean (MeanD) and minimum (MND) wood density values are more sensitive to climate than maximum (MXD). We found very marked spatial variations that indicate that A. durangensis responds differently to drought conditions depending on the indices of density.

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