Customary Rightholders and Legal Claimants to Land in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1870-1890

1992 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Priscilla Smith Naro
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

The transition from slave to free labor in the Americas involved many and varied forms of internal labor and land adjustments which affected slaves, landless farmers, and large scale producers in rural areas. Unlike Haiti and the United States South, the Brazilian process of emancipation was gradual and did not involve violent structural ruptures with the past. The Land Law of 1850, the Law of the Free Womb of 1871 and the 1885 Sexagenarian Law marked fundamental phases in an ongoing process of state participation in the organization of the free labor market, which culminated in Abolition on 13 May 1888, and the onset of the Republic on 15 November of the following year. Current analyses of the late nineteenth century emphasize continuity and define the state as its own agent, embarking on a course of conservative modernization which unfolded during the process of transition from the liberalism of a nineteenth-century empire to the interventionist Republic which was ushered in, in 1889. The planter class, joined with emerging but weak Brazilian industrial and financial sectors and upheld by the military, contributed to an Estado Oligárquico, in Marcelo Carmagnani's terminology, linked by coffee production into the world economy as a flourishing dependent peripheral economy. But the process, which until recently was associated with the coffee export sector and its relation to urbanization and industrialization, has now taken on broader dimensions. A developed domestic economy, composed of a complex and sophisticated internal food supply network, operated alongside the export economy throughout the nineteenth century. Although unstudied from the political perspective of small-scale food producers who were displaced by the coffee economy, the broader issue of food provision could not be dissociated from conservative modernization, the basic issues of which would be carried forth during the course of the First Republic in the form of “Ruralismo.”

O'Connor's Sectoral Model of the United States Economy: Examining Some Political Consequences

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Nackenoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
United States Economy ◽  
Growth And Change

During the past fifteen years, several economists, historians and sociologists have propounded a sectoral model of economic growth and change in the United States. According to this analysis, as large-scale, monopolistic enterprises began to emerge in the late nineteenth century, different investment considerations and labour market requirements were also evolving. A dual economy was beginning to be formed. The large-scale capital sector, and the small-scale capital sector each had its own economic environment of conduct. Each sector tended, too, to develop its own corresponding labour market, with monopoly sector or ‘core’ firms holding out certain economic advantages for employees: money, job security, benefits, and opportunities for advancement within the firm. Thus, the work experience in these two sectors increasingly diverged. Even if the large-scale capital sector did offer economic advantages, growth tended to be capital-intensive, and the growth of employment in this sector slowed down, and then stopped by the end of the Second World War. Employment shifted to trades and services, with lower wage rates, and, of course, to the public sector, which currently employs nearly a third of the American workforce.

scholarly journals Messico

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Plana
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic

This book offers a summary overview of Mexico as an independent nation up to the present day, addressing the various aspects of its political, economic and social history. It deals with the crisis of the Republic, from the independence of Texas up to the war with the United States (1846-1848) and the advent of the Empire of the Habsburg Archduke, Maximilian I (1864-1867), the transformations of the late nineteenth century and the causes and phases of the 1910 revolution. It also addresses the difficulties inherent in the construction of the post-revolutionary State, in a context of political stability in the course of the twentieth century that diverged from the evolution of other continental countries.

scholarly journals Religion, anti-slavery, and identity: Irish Presbyterians, the United States, and transatlantic evangelicalism, c.1820–1914

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (155) ◽  
pp. 378-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Denominational Identity ◽  
Irish Immigration ◽  
Cultural Connections

Abstract Scholars have devoted much attention to the causes and consequences of Presbyterian emigration from Ulster to the thirteen colonies before 1776. This article moves beyond the eighteenth century to examine the continued religious links between Presbyterians in Ireland and the United States in the nineteenth century. It begins with an examination of the influence of evangelicalism on both sides of the Atlantic and how this promoted unity in denominational identity, missionary activity to convert Catholics, and revivalist religion during the first half of the century. Though Irish Presbyterians had great affection for their American co-religionists, they were not uncritical, and significant tensions did develop over slavery. The article then examines the religious character of Scotch-Irish or Ulster-Scots identity in the late nineteenth century, which was articulated in response to the alleged demoralising influence of large-scale Irish immigration during and after the Famine of the 1840s, the so-called Romanisation of Catholicism, and the threat of Home Rule in Ireland. The importance of identity politics should not obscure religious developments, and the article ends with a consideration of the origins and character of fundamentalism, perhaps one of the most important cultural connections between Protestants in Northern Ireland and the United States in the twentieth century.

The Military Resources of the Empire

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Morgan-Owen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Military Leadership ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Army ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Strategic Thought ◽  
The Military

Historians have argued that the British Army was afflicted with an insular focus on home defence in the late nineteenth century and that this preoccupation was evidence of the paucity of military strategic thought and the lack of co-operation and dialogue between the two services. This chapter challenges that viewpoint and argues that the military leadership was, in fact, consistently much more interested in preparing for operations overseas than it was in planning to prevent an invasion. The military authorities were only deflected from this aim by differences of opinion with the Admiralty on the application of naval power and on the Navy’s inability to commit to the safe passage of troops by sea, disagreements which obliged the War Office to limit the scope of its strategic discourse. This had significant implications for both military and imperial policy, particularly the defence of India.

Housing Finance Reform: Should There Be a Government Guarantee?

2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 811-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Green
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Mortgage Market ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Finance Reform ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Republic

In 2007 and 2008, the mortgage market failed. It failed in a number of dimensions: Default rates rose to their highest levels since the great depression, and mortgage liquidity ground to a halt. This failure has produced recriminations: Blame has been laid at the feet of borrowers, brokers, lenders, investment banks, investors and government and quasi-government entities that guaranteed mortgages. These recent events have produced an important debate: Whether the U.S. mortgage market requires a federal guarantee in order to best serve consumers, investors and markets. My view is that such a guarantee is necessary. I will divide my argument into four areas: (1) I will argue that the United States has had a history of providing guarantees, either implicit or explicit, regardless of its professed position on the matter. This phenomenon goes back to the origins of the republic. It is in the best interest of the country to acknowledge the existence of such guarantees, and to price them appropriately before, rather than after, they become necessary. (2) I will argue that in times of economic stress, such as now, the absence of government guarantees would lead to an absence of mortgages. (3) I will argue that a purely "private" market would likely not provide a 30 year fixed rate pre-payable mortgage. I think that this is no longer a particularly controversial statement; what is more controversial is whether such a mortgage is necessary — I will argue that it is. (4) I will argue that in the absence of a federal guarantee, the price and quantity of mortgages will vary across geography. In particular, rural areas will have less access to mortgage credit that urban areas, central cities will have less access than suburbs. Condominiums already are treated less favorably than detached houses, and this difference is likely to get larger in the absence of a guarantee.

What's new in the "new" US course towards the DPRK?

2021 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Alexander Zhebin
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Problem ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Taiwan Straits

The article analyzes the prospects for US-North Korean and inter-Korean relations, taking into account the completed policy review of the new US administration towards the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), as well as the results of the President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in’s trip to Washington in May 2021 and his talks with US President Joe Biden. It is concluded that the “new" course proposed by the United States in relation to the DPRK will not lead to a solution to the nuclear problem of the Korean Peninsula and will interfere with the normalization of inter-Korean relations. During his visit to the US President Moon failed to obtain the US consent on ROK more “independent policy” toward North Korea. In spite of lavish investments into US economy and other concessions, Seoul was forced to promise to coordinate his approaches to the DPRK with US and Japan and support US position on Taiwan straits and South China Sea. The author argues that in the current conditions, the introduction of a regime of arms limitation and arms control in Korea should be a necessary stage on the way to complete denuclearization of the peninsula. The transition to a such method of the settlement of the nuclear problem could lead to the resumption of the negotiation process, mutual concessions, including reductions in the level of military-political confrontation, partial or large-scale lifting of economic sanctions in exchange for North Korea's restrictions of its nuclear weapon and missile systems.

The Revolutionary Base Areas of Can Vuong Movement in Quang Nam

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Phuong Nguyen Minh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Military ◽  
Late Nineteenth

After failing to attack on French military at Kham Su and Mang Ca on July 5, 1885, Ton That Thuyet took the Emperor Ham Nghi into hiding, and then later led the Can Vuong movement which was a large-scale Vietnamese patriotic movement. Quang Nam is one of the regions that strongly responded to the Can Vuong movement under the leadership of Nghia Hoi. The process of operation and development of the Can Vuong movement in Quang Nam pertained to the revolutionary base areas and names of many politicians. This research investigates the revolutionary base areas of the Can Vuong movement in Quang Nam, and also clarifies the contribution of the Can Vuong movement in Quang Nam to the Can Vuong movement of our country in the late nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Air versus water chilling of chicken: a pilot study of quality, shelf-life, microbial ecology, and economics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aeriel D Belk ◽  
Toni Duarte ◽  
Casey Quinn ◽  
David A. Coil ◽  
Keith E. Belk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Meat Industry

Abstract Background. The United States’ large-scale poultry meat industry is energy and water intensive, and opportunities may exist to improve sustainability during the broiler chilling process. After harvest, the internal temperature of the chicken is rapidly cooled to inhibit bacterial growth that would otherwise compromise the safety of the product. This step is accomplished most commonly by water immersion chilling in the United States, while air chilling methods dominate other global markets. A comprehensive understanding of the differences between these chilling methods is lacking. Therefore, we assessed the meat quality, shelf-life, microbial ecology, and technoeconomic impacts of chilling methods on chicken broilers in a university meat laboratory setting. Results. We discovered that air-chilling (AC) methods resulted in superior chicken odor and shelf-life, especially prior to 14 days of dark storage. Moreover, we demonstrated that AC resulted in a more diverse microbiome that we hypothesize may delay the dominance of the spoilage organism Pseudomonas. Finally, a technoeconomic analysis highlighted potential economic advantages to AC when compared to water-chilling (WC) in facility locations where water costs are a more significant factor than energy costs. Conclusions. In this pilot study, AC chilling methods resulted in a superior product compared to WC methods and may have economic advantages in regions of the U.S. where water is expensive. As a next step, a similar experiment should be done in an industrial setting to confirm these results generated in a small-scale university lab facility.

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