A Logical Definition of Value

1951 ◽  
Vol 48 (13) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Logical Definition ◽  
Definition Of

What Is a Paraphrase?

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Eduard Hovy
Keyword(s):  
English Text ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Definition Of

Paraphrases are sentences or phrases that convey the same meaning using different wording. Although the logical definition of paraphrases requires strict semantic equivalence, linguistics accepts a broader, approximate, equivalence—thereby allowing far more examples of “quasi-paraphrase.” But approximate equivalence is hard to define. Thus, the phenomenon of paraphrases, as understood in linguistics, is difficult to characterize. In this article, we list a set of 25 operations that generate quasi-paraphrases. We then empirically validate the scope and accuracy of this list by manually analyzing random samples of two publicly available paraphrase corpora. We provide the distribution of naturally occurring quasi-paraphrases in English text.

Using Interfaces to Drive Module Definition: Investigating the Impact of a New Design Dependency Measure

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangjin Jung ◽  
Timothy W. Simpson ◽  
Oyku Asikoglu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Strength ◽  
Change Resistance ◽  
Product Architecture ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimizing Design ◽  
Interface Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Structural representations for interfaces between modules and components in a product vary widely in the literature. After reviewing several structural approaches to interface definition, a new weighted design dependency measure is described. The new representation takes into account both six different types of interfaces as well as their relative strength and frequency within a product architecture. The resulting design dependency measure provides a means for designers to quantify the change resistance in a product. In this paper, we investigate the use of this new design dependency measure to drive module identification. Specifically, we compare the resulting modules obtained by optimizing Design Structure Matrices (DSMs) using standard 0-1 representations of the interfaces to those obtained using the new design dependency measure. The results indicate that the weighted design dependency measure leads to more a logical definition of modules that maximizes within module dependencies and minimizes interactions between modules.

Arithmetic and the theory of types

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 621-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boffa
Keyword(s):  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Positive Answer ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Countable Model ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Conservative Extension ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Claude Bernard ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Image Position

A hundred years ago, Frege proposed a logical definition of the natural numbers based on the following idea:He replaced this circular definition by the following one:He tried afterwards to found his theory over a notion of class satisfying a general comprehension principle:Russell quickly derived a contradiction from this principle (the famous Russell's paradox) but saved Frege's arithmetic with his theory of types based on the following comprehension principle:In 1979, talking at the Claude Bernard University in Lyon, I remarked that 3 types suffice to provide Frege's arithmetic, showing in fact that PA2 (second order Peano arithmetic) holds in TT3 + AI (theory of types 0, 1, 2 plus a suitable axiom of infinity). I asked whether TT3 + AI was a conservative extension of PA2. Pabion [3] gave a positive answer by a subtle use of the Fraenkel-Moskowski method. This result will be improved in the present paper, with a view to getting models of NF3 + AI in which Frege's arithmetic forms a model isomorphic to a given countable model of PA2.

Pour une science politique des partis

1972 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-502
Author(s):  
Vincent Lemieux
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Science ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cybernetic Model ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Governmental Power ◽  
Definition Of

Although there are numerous studies of political parties the political science of parties remains underdeveloped. Even if the recent attempts at redefinition are not without interest, most situate themselves outside the mainstream of political theory and do not bear sufficiently on the problematical aspects of power and of government. To develop a true political science of parties one has to be able to respond to three questions which seem central to a political scientist's concern with parties: who governs in the parties? do the parties really govern? how do the governmental or non-governmental actions of parties affect the society and the support which they obtain there? From these three questions emerge the notions of the leadership power (or internal power), governmental power, and societal power (electoral or non-electoral) of political parties. After a definition of government based on a cybernetic model and a logical definition of power are presented, the notions of leadership power, governmental power, and societal power are successively analysed for the purpose of making them operational. The last part of the article deals with the interdependence of these three powers. It aims at outlining a political theory of parties by drawing together a number of propositions which have hitherto appeared unrelated.

scholarly journals Local tomography and the role of the complex numbers in quantum mechanics

2020 ◽  
Vol 476 (2238) ◽  
pp. 20200063
Author(s):  
Gerd Niestegge
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Composite System ◽  
C Algebra ◽  
Local Tomography ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Multipartite System ◽  
State Tomography ◽  
Definition Of

Various reconstructions of finite-dimensional quantum mechanics result in a formally real Jordan algebra A and a last step remains to conclude that A is the self-adjoint part of a C*-algebra. Using a quantum logical setting, it is shown that this can be achieved by postulating that there is a locally tomographic model for a composite system consisting of two copies of the same system. Local tomography is a feature of classical probability theory and quantum mechanics; it means that state tomography for a multipartite system can be performed by simultaneous measurements in all subsystems. The quantum logical definition of local tomography is sufficient, but it is less restrictive than the prevalent definition in the literature and involves some subtleties concerning the so-called spin factors.

scholarly journals A Dual-Step Multi-Algorithm Approach for Churn Prediction in Pre-Paid Telecommunications Service Providers

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Tamaddoni Jahromi ◽  
Mehrad Moeini ◽  
Issar Akbari ◽  
Aram Akbarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Customer Churn ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Step Model ◽  
Definition Of

Nowadays customer churn has become the main concern of companies which are active in different industries. Among all industries which suffer from this issue, telecommunications industry can be considered in the top of the list with approximate annual churn rate of 30%. Dealing with this problem, there exist different approaches via developing predictive models for customer churn but due to the nature of pre-paid mobile telephony market which is not contract-based, customer churn is not easily traceable and definable, thus constructing a predictive model would be of high complexity. Handling this issue, in this study, we developed a dual-step model building approach, which consists of clustering phase and classification phase. With this regard firstly, the customer base was divided into four clusters, based on their RFM related features, with the aim of extracting a logical definition of churn, and secondly, based on the churn definitions that were extracted in the first step, different algorithms were utilized with the intention of constructing predictive models for churn in our developed clusters. Evaluating and comparing the performance of the employed algorithms based on “gain measure”, we concluded that employing a multi-algorithm approach in the model constructing step, instead of single-algorithm one, can bring the maximum gain among the tested algorithms.

scholarly journals The Acoustic Efforts of the Medieval Arab Philosophers: Brethren of Purity as a Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ragheb Ahmed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Field ◽  
Secret Society ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Definition Of

<p><em>This study discusses the acoustic efforts of the Medieval Arab philosophers and thinkers, and explain specifically the efforts of Brethren of Purity (ikhwãn al</em><em>-</em><em>safã) also The Brethren of Sincerity). They were a famous </em><a title="Secret society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"><em>secret society</em></a><em> of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in 4th century HD/8th century CE. The structure of this mysterious organization and the identities of its members have never been clear. This study is an overview of the reality and the actuality of the vocal acoustic research which the Arab thinkers produced. It also will discusses the efforts of Al-Safa brothers community in the Arab Acoustic field, who presented a logical definition of the linguistic sound, then started to categorize the sound according to the meaning, quantity and quality, determined the sounds articulation and the ways of its production, then they made a great analysis on the ways of analyzing it based on all the qualitative and quantitative levels, and highlighted the semantic aspects and the ways of recognizing and perceiving the sounds.</em><em></em></p>

Van Dale Basiswoordenboek Nederlands

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Marja Verburg ◽  
Monique Huijgen
Keyword(s):  
Logical Definition ◽  
Circular Definitions ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Root Word

Van Dale Basiswoordenboek Nederlands (Elementary Dictionary of Dutch), to appear in May 1987, differs from existing school dictionaries in a number of ways. The number of entries is considerably larger. It contains ± 25.000 entries, whereas the currently most frequently used school dictionary (Dijkstra' School Dictionary) contains ± 14.000 entries. The definitions are characterized as follows. Usually a logical definition is given. The definition of the word in a rather arbitrary context as in Dijkstra, is not very practical because for a child it is difficult to ascertain what part of the explanation is paraphrased by this context and what part is a definition of the entry. Synonymous definitions are only used to define difficult words by means of an easy one; in the position of the easy word a logical definition is provided. In this way circular definitions are avoided. In order to demonstrate the relation of a cluster of derivations to a root word we employ a morphosemantic definition for words belonging to such a cluster. The Basis woordenboek pays attention to usage in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. It contains ± 1200 entries, meanings and expressions that are typical of the Dutch language as spoken in Belgium. Proverbs and expressions are to be found at a fixed location, i.e. in the entry of the first noun that occurs in the proverb or expression. If there is no noun, the (first) adjectives, and if there is no adjective either, the first verb is the entry where the proverb or expression is to be found. Approximately six months after the publication of the Basis-woordenboek a lesson series on how to use a dictionary will be marketed by the same publisher, specifically aimed at how to use this dictionary.

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