What Is a Paraphrase?

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Eduard Hovy
Keyword(s):  
English Text ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Definition Of

Paraphrases are sentences or phrases that convey the same meaning using different wording. Although the logical definition of paraphrases requires strict semantic equivalence, linguistics accepts a broader, approximate, equivalence—thereby allowing far more examples of “quasi-paraphrase.” But approximate equivalence is hard to define. Thus, the phenomenon of paraphrases, as understood in linguistics, is difficult to characterize. In this article, we list a set of 25 operations that generate quasi-paraphrases. We then empirically validate the scope and accuracy of this list by manually analyzing random samples of two publicly available paraphrase corpora. We provide the distribution of naturally occurring quasi-paraphrases in English text.

scholarly journals Conceptual and Practical Issues in the Pharmacological Treatment of Brain Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Stein ◽  
Marylou M. Glasier ◽  
Stuart W. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
The Brain

It is only within the last ten years that research on treatment for central nervous system (CNS) recovery after injury has become more focused on the complexities involved in promoting recovery from brain injury when the CNS is viewed as an integrated and dynamic system. There have been major advances in research in recovery over the last decade, including new information on the mechanics and genetics of metabolism and chemical activity, the definition of excitotoxic effects and the discovery that the brain itself secretes complex proteins, peptides and hormones which are capable of directly stimulating the repair of damaged neurons or blocking some of the degenerative processes caused by the injury cascade. Many of these agents, plus other nontoxic naturally occurring substances, are being tested as treatment for brain injury. Further work is needed to determine appropriate combinations of treatments and optimum times of administration with respect to the time course of the CNS disorder. In order to understand the mechanisms that mediate traumatic brain injury and repair, there must be a merging of findings from neurochemical studies with data from intensive behavioral testing.

scholarly journals Fluorochrome-based definition of naturally occurring Foxp3+regulatory T cells of intra- and extrathymic origin

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 3632-3645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathleen Petzold ◽  
Nadine Steinbronn ◽  
Marcus Gereke ◽  
Ruth H. Strasser ◽  
Tim Sparwasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Definition Of

Data Mining Pt. Reyes Buoy for Rare Wave Groups

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harleigh C. Seyffert ◽  
Armin W. Troesch
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Wave Groups ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wave Elevation ◽  
Information Program ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
Definition Of

This paper addresses the existence of rare wave groups, as defined by Kim and Troesch [1], by examining time series data from the Pt. Reyes buoy. The buoy is operated by the Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP), University of California San Diego. The definition of rare wave groups [1] used in this paper differs from the more commonly used wave group definition based on threshold crossings. With the time series data from the Pt. Reyes buoy, these rare wave groups are shown to be a naturally occurring phenomenon. The nature of the data is examined, as well as the analysis methods and findings. By sifting through 17 years of wave elevation data from the Pt. Reyes buoy, this preliminary work addresses not only the question to what extent rare wave groups exist in nature, but also, what their probability of occurrence is.

scholarly journals Offense Processes of Online Sexual Grooming and Abuse of Children Via Internet Communication Platforms

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane A. Kloess ◽  
Catherine E. Hamilton-Giachritsis ◽  
Anthony R. Beech
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Implications

The aim of the present study was to provide an inclusive and realistic account of the offense processes of naturally occurring, sexually exploitative interactions between offenders and victims that took place via Internet communication platforms, and develop an offense process diagram of online sexual grooming and abuse. Five case series, comprising 29 transcripts of 22 interactions, were analyzed using the qualitative approach of thematic analysis. Police reports were reviewed for descriptive and case-specific information. The five offenders were men aged between 27 and 52 years ( M = 33.6, SD = 5.6), and the number of children they communicated with ranged from one to 12 ( M = 4.6, SD = 4.5). Victims were aged between 11 and 15 ( M = 13.0, SD = 1.2), and were both female ( n = 17) and male ( n = 6). Findings revealed that offenders employed either an indirect or a direct approach to conversations with victims and initiating contact with them. The approach offenders employed was also reflected in the types of strategies they used. Only two offenders were found to engage in aspects of sexual grooming as part of an indirect approach; the majority of the interactions by the other three offenders, that lacked features of sexual grooming altogether, were found to be of a direct approach. These findings are discussed in relation to current issues surrounding terminology and definition of sexual grooming, as well as theoretical and practical implications, concluding with suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Dimensions of empathy in relation to language

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Herlin ◽  
Laura Visapää
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Affective Dimensions

This article approaches the relationship between empathy and language, describing the ways in which different dimensions of empathy can be attested in naturally occurring interactional data. The authors adopt the definition of empathy as a multidimensional phenomenon: emotional contagion, as well as the cognitive and affective dimensions of empathy, are all understood to be central to the empathetic process. The article promotes the view that studying the relationship between empathy and language should be grounded in the analysis of real-life interactions. Language evolves in social interaction both phylogenetically and ontogenetically, and is not only an important product but also a means of human sociality. The authors suggest that the best approach for analyzing the empathy–language interface combines the theoretical insights of cognitive grammar with the method of conversation analysis. The paper shows that when empathy is analyzed in natural conversation, we can do sequential and linguistic analysis of the ways in which affect is shown, and through a careful analysis of grammatical devices, offer an explanation of whether the displays of affect are derived from the other person's situation. By analyzing the complex ways in which the interactants orient to the different dimensions of empathy, the paper shows how linguistic analysis can give us concrete tools for forming a deeper understanding of how empathy takes place in real-life encounters.

Invariance of Ratio: The Case of Children's Anticipatory Scheme for Constancy of Taste

1994 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guershon Harel ◽  
Merlyn Behr ◽  
Richard Lesh ◽  
Thomas Post
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Intensive Quantity ◽  
Definition Of

In this article we study the concept of invariance of ratio through an investigation of children's understanding of constancy of taste—that is, the notion that random samples of a given mixture taste the same—using a device that does not resort to conventional symbolism. The paper begins with a definition of constancy of taste and other quantitative analogues. Then it presents a theoretical analysis of how constancy of taste may emerge from the child's additive world and grow into a conception where taste becomes an intensive quantity. The analysis suggests that one's conception of taste constancy is linked in a fundamental way to one's conception of invariance of ratio. Following this analysis, the paper reports a study that demonstrates the absence of taste constancy among sixth-grade children. More specifically, the study shows that sixth-grade children base their judgment of the relative strength of the taste of two samples from the same mixture on at least one of three (extraneous) variables: the relative volumes of the samples to be tasted, whether the mixture is thought of as consisting of a single ingredient or more than one ingredient, and the relative amount of the ingredients stated in the problem.

ITERATED FUNCTION SYSTEMS FOR OBJECT GENERATION AND RENDERING

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 259-289
Author(s):  
HUW JONES
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equations ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Iterated Function Systems ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Affine Transformations ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Iterated Function ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Smooth Objects

Iterated function systems (IFS) have been used since the mid 1980s in generating fractal forms and in image compression. They have the property of encoding complex structures as relatively simple and concise algorithms and data sets. The complete information for generation of an IFS structure, known as an "attractor", is held in the definition of a few transformation functions, typically affine transformations described by simple linear equations. These transform 2D or 3D objects by combinations of translation, scaling and rotation, preserving parallel lines. The process of generating an attractor using either of the two standard methods is straightforward, but the inverse problem of identifying the IFS for a particular attractor is more difficult. The paper introduces and reviews the uses of Iterated Function Systems, particularly for 2D image and 3D object generation. As well as a general exposition of the method, results developed by the author for creation of fractal objects are shown. Some are based on regular geometric structures, others mimic a number of naturally occurring forms. These deviate from normal practice in using nonaffine transformations in the IFS definition. A new method for synthesising images of smooth objects using IFS is developed and illustrated as an alternative to standard 3D rendering methods (see the cover picture), which are briefly described.

Using Interfaces to Drive Module Definition: Investigating the Impact of a New Design Dependency Measure

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangjin Jung ◽  
Timothy W. Simpson ◽  
Oyku Asikoglu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Strength ◽  
Change Resistance ◽  
Product Architecture ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimizing Design ◽  
Interface Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Structural representations for interfaces between modules and components in a product vary widely in the literature. After reviewing several structural approaches to interface definition, a new weighted design dependency measure is described. The new representation takes into account both six different types of interfaces as well as their relative strength and frequency within a product architecture. The resulting design dependency measure provides a means for designers to quantify the change resistance in a product. In this paper, we investigate the use of this new design dependency measure to drive module identification. Specifically, we compare the resulting modules obtained by optimizing Design Structure Matrices (DSMs) using standard 0-1 representations of the interfaces to those obtained using the new design dependency measure. The results indicate that the weighted design dependency measure leads to more a logical definition of modules that maximizes within module dependencies and minimizes interactions between modules.

Sources and extent of pollution

1979 ◽  
Vol 205 (1158) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Fluid Mixing ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Natural Cycles

Before the sources and extent of pollution can be identified a definition of pollutants has to be agreed. The degree of disruption of natural cycles in the global ecosystem in terms of residence times and assimilation capacities must be assessed as a prerequisite of any system of control. The sources of man-made and naturally occurring chemicals that fall into this definition can be categorized and these are presented for reference. Specific examples of these categories are discussed in detail, e. g. sulphur dioxide, polychlorinated biphenyls and radioactive waste. Their distribution and dilution in the environment are governed by fluid mixing mechanisms. These can be modelled to allow prediction of effects at specific points taking into account disappearance by decay, chemical reaction and deposition. Reappearance through pathways which involve accumulation and remobilization can only be predicted when a complete scientific understanding of the mechanism has been established.

Arithmetic and the theory of types

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 621-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boffa
Keyword(s):  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Positive Answer ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Countable Model ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Conservative Extension ◽  
Logical Definition ◽  
Claude Bernard ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Image Position

A hundred years ago, Frege proposed a logical definition of the natural numbers based on the following idea:He replaced this circular definition by the following one:He tried afterwards to found his theory over a notion of class satisfying a general comprehension principle:Russell quickly derived a contradiction from this principle (the famous Russell's paradox) but saved Frege's arithmetic with his theory of types based on the following comprehension principle:In 1979, talking at the Claude Bernard University in Lyon, I remarked that 3 types suffice to provide Frege's arithmetic, showing in fact that PA2 (second order Peano arithmetic) holds in TT3 + AI (theory of types 0, 1, 2 plus a suitable axiom of infinity). I asked whether TT3 + AI was a conservative extension of PA2. Pabion [3] gave a positive answer by a subtle use of the Fraenkel-Moskowski method. This result will be improved in the present paper, with a view to getting models of NF3 + AI in which Frege's arithmetic forms a model isomorphic to a given countable model of PA2.

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