Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India

1987 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
David West Rudner
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
South India ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
South Indian ◽  
European Trade ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Commercial Expansion ◽  
Transactional Models

AbstractsMost accounts of South Indian commerce in the seventeenth century depend on European documents and focus on Indo-European trade along the Malabar and Coromandel coasts. This article makes use of indigenous documents to analyze the way a caste of itinerant salt traders, the Nakarattars, combined worship and commerce in the interior of Tamil-speaking South India. It focuses on Nakarattar activities in the seventeenth century before they had achieved power under their better-known name, Nattukottai Chettiars, and at a time when their commercial expansion was just getting under way and when the close association of this expansion with rituals of religious gifting was already apparent. The two main purposes of the article are to illuminate the ritual dimension of commercial activity in precolonial South India and to enrich current transactional models of the relationship between temples and small groups in South India by incorporating a mercantile perspective.

scholarly journals Does Job Satisfaction and Employee Commitment pave way for Employee Engagement in IT Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S4) ◽  
pp. 307-313
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
South India ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Hygiene Factors ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
The Relationship

Present study is a descriptive and analytical in nature aiming to bring out the relationship of job satisfaction and employee commitment on employee engagement of the employees working in IT companies of South India. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study adopts descriptive and analytical approach it, starts with clear variables which are derived from theory and based on these variables. The data for the study was collected through the structured questionnaire. The sample for the present study was collected from the IT companies working in South India. A total 785 questionnaires were returned by the respondents, this indicating a response rate of 59 %. The questionnaire uses five point Likert type response format is used for all the measures ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. SPSS 21 and Microsoft excel are the statistical packages and correlation and regression are the tools used in the present study Findings: A significant relationship was found between job satisfaction and commitment with employee engagement of the employees working in IT companies of South India. If Job Satisfaction does not exist in an employee, his level of engagement would be minimal. Employee may be working to maintain hygiene factors according to Herzberg but the management won’t be able to motivate him to either enhance productivity or engage him with the organization. Commitment comes when the hygiene factors are maintained. Every employees looks forward to ensure that the employee is committed. Only then they can motivate them to be engaged. Hence, it observed that all the commitment of employees are mandatory for employee engagement Originality/value: This study provides insightful findings in understanding the role organizational competencies like job satisfaction and employee commitment play in facilitating employee engagement. This study also shows the importance of the demographic variables with employee’s engagement. In spite of the limitations of the research, the study contributed to the international human resources management by exploring the South Indian IT company’s context. The theoretical framework proposes the relationship between employee engagement, job satisfaction and employee commitment. The study has found that job satisfaction and employee commitment is correlated with employee engagement and serves as the important indicator for engaging employees.

The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico De Romanis
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
South India ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
South Indian ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Commercial Relationships

This book offers an interpretation of the two fragmentary texts of the P. Vindobonensis G 40822, now widely referred to as the Muziris papyrus. Without these two texts, there would be no knowledge of the Indo-Roman trade practices. The book also compares and contrasts the texts of the Muziris papyrus with other documents pertinent to Indo-Mediterranean (or Indo-European) trade in ancient, medieval, and early modern times. These other documents reveal the commercial and political geography of ancient South India; the sailing schedule and the size of the ships plying the South India sea route; the commodities exchanged in the South Indian emporia; and the taxes imposed on the Indian commodities en route from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. When viewed against the twin backdrops of ancient sources on South Indian trade and of medieval and early modern documents on pepper commerce, the two texts become foundational resources for the history of commercial relationships between South India and the West.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF FORMS AND TECTONICS OF OLD CLASSICAL ERA HINDU TEMPLE IN JAVA WITH HINDU TEMPLES OF PALLAVA ERA IN SOUTH INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 306-323
Author(s):  
Laurentius Nicholas Rodriques ; Rahadhian P. Herwindo
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Initial Image ◽  
Hindu Temple ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Hindu Temples ◽  
Architecture Style ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Unique Relationship

Abstract- Hindu temples in Java and Hindu temples in South India, often receive attention in the world of architecture due to the similarity of the Dravidian Architecture style of the temple in both places. The similarities are marked by the shape of a layered pyramid roof, yet it is not exactly similar if we observe all the architecture features and elements. The author tries to simplify the comparison of form and tectonics as seen from the general tectonic division of a building which are the feet, body and head. From the findings, it can be concluded that there are similarities in the 'basic idea' or 'initial image' of Hindu temple buildings in both places. However, after careful review of the form and tectonics in both places, they have their own unrelated characteristics. This study shows a unique relationship between the architecture of the Javanese Hindu Temple and South India where the relationship that occurs cannot be said to be one of the parties influencing the other party or vice versa. The findings from this study actually show the thick characteristics of each place. The distinguishing factor could be due to differences in nature, preferences, culture or technology at the two locations in that era. Even though Hinduism is a religion that originated from India, it seems that in terms of architecture it cannot be said that Javanese copied Indian Hindu architecture. This research shows that the architecture of Hindu temples has a common thread that binds to its basic principles, but the results of design processing will differ depending on the context and design. Key Words: temple, temple, Hindu, Javanese, South Indian, Form, Tectonic

Church and State in Seventeenth-Century Colonial Asia: Dutch-Parava Relations in Southeast India in a Comparative Perspective

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus P.M. Vink
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
South India ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
Territorial Jurisdiction ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
Dutch Policy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Southeast India

AbstractThis article is a comparative study of the relationship between church and state in seventeenth-century colonial Asia in general and South India in particular. In an era when political and religious loyalties were deemed interchangeable, the division of temporal and spiritual authority over the Parava community along the Madurai coast between the Dutch and the Portuguese, respectively, stands out as a unique arrangement. By the end of the seventeenth century, an informal understanding was reached according to which Portuguese Jesuits would exercise religious authority even in areas under immediate Dutch jurisdiction, while the Calvinist Dutch would claim wordly authority over the Roman Catholic Paravas. The arrangement on the Madurai Coast is compared with Dutch policy vis-à-vis similar Indo-Portuguese Catholic communities in other Asian "conquests" where they exercised territorial jurisdiction, such as Maluku (the Moluccas), Batavia (Jakarta), and Melaka (Malacca). The Luso-Dutch accommodation in southeast India is also examined in light of English religious policy at Fort St. George, Madras (Chennai), towards local Indo-Portuguese groups. The understanding between the Protestant English and French Capuchins differed markedly from the working arrangement between the Dutch and the Portuguese Jesuits. This dual comparative framework merely serves to emphasize the singularity of the "Madurai solution."

scholarly journals Amsterdam and London as financial centers in the eighteenth century

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Carlos ◽  
Larry Neal
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Financial Innovations ◽  
The World ◽  
War Finance ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Revolutionary Movements ◽  
Symbiotic Relation ◽  
The Relationship

In the seventeenth century, Amsterdam and London developed distinctive innovations in finance through both banks and markets that facilitated the growth of trade in each city. In the eighteenth century, a symbiotic relation developed that led to bank-oriented finance in Amsterdam cooperating with market-oriented finance in London. The relationship that emerged allowed each to rise to unprecedented dominance in Europe, while the respective financial innovations in each city provided the means for the continued expansion of European trade, both within Europe and with the rest of the world. The increasing strains of war finance for the competing European powers over the course of the eighteenth century stimulated fresh financial innovations in each city that initially reinforced the symbiosis of the two centers. The external shocks arising from revolutionary movements in America and France, however, interrupted the relationship long enough to leave London as the supreme financial center.

scholarly journals RELATION OF ANCIENT MATARAM TEMPLE BASED ON NORTH INDIA AND SOUTH INDIA’S CHARACTERISTICS: FROM THE FIGURE-TECTONICS, MASS-SPACE STUDY, AND ORNAMENTATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 334-347
Author(s):  
Samuel H. B. Danuleksono ◽  
Rahadhian Prajudi Herwindo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Planning ◽  
South India ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
North India ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Central Java ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

Abstract- Hinduism is a religion that was born in India and has developed rapidly into the archipelago with evidence of Sanskrit inscriptions and Pallava. The religion had a significant influence on Java which changed the political, economic, social and cultural life which at that time was still a kingdom. The arrival of Indians to Indonesia affected by the reverse flow between Indonesia and India and India and Indonesia. This can be seen by the presence of Indonesian dormitories in Nalanda (North India) and Nagapattinam (South India). The influence of North and South India can be seen from the existence of Hindu-Buddhist temples in the Archipelago which was built in one of the Hindu kingdoms, namely the Kingdom of Ancient Mataram which had areas of authority from Central Java to East Java. The temples that were built are thought to have an identity with temples in North and South India in terms of figure, inner space tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, and ornamentation. This identity is thought to be a close relationship between North India and South India with Indonesia, especially in the era of Ancient Mataram. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship or relationship of Ancient Mataram era temple architecture to North and South Indian temple architecture. The analysis method used is the comparative – qualitative method. Work plans, plans, pieces, site plans, and block plans of 28 Hindu-Buddha tower types in Central Java will be compared in terms of similarities and differences and then analyzed regarding the position of the laying, and elements of the temple so that the relationship between the two countries is found. Data obtained from literature studies and field surveys. The conclusion drawn from this study is that there is a closer relationship with South India than North India. The influence of North India and South India is only limited to the external appearance in the study of figure and ornamentation, while in the study of mass and spatial planning and inner space tectonics is more developed by the people of Ancient Mataram which is adjusted to traditional values and natural influences.     Key Words: figure, tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, ornamentation, North and South India, Ancient Mataram

The relationship between sociometric structure and conflict coalitions in small groups

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Berkowitz ◽  
Inga Carboni ◽  
Val Boosalis ◽  
David Bartholomew
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
The Relationship

Financial Folly and Spain’s Black Legend

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Black Legend ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
The Relationship

This epilogue argues that Castile was solvent throughout Philip II's reign. A complex web of contractual obligations designed to ensure repayment governed the relationship between the king and his bankers. The same contracts allowed great flexibility for both the Crown and bankers when liquidity was tight. The risk of potential defaults was not a surprise; their likelihood was priced into the loan contracts. As a consequence, virtually every banking family turned a profit over the long term, while the king benefited from their services to run the largest empire that had yet existed. The epilogue then looks at the economic history version of Spain's Black Legend. The economic history version of the Black Legend emerged from a combination of two narratives: a rich historical tradition analyzing the decline of Spain as an economic and military power from the seventeenth century onward, combined with new institutional analysis highlighting the unconstrained power of the monarch.

Muscovy and the Tatars

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-431
Author(s):  
Bulat R. Rakhimzianov
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The Political ◽  
East European ◽  
Central Eurasia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Forest Line ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article explores relations between Muscovy and the so-called Later Golden Horde successor states that existed during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries on the territory of Desht-i Qipchaq (the Qipchaq Steppe, a part of the East European steppe bounded roughly by the Oskol and Tobol rivers, the steppe-forest line, and the Caspian and Aral Seas). As a part of, and later a successor to, the Juchid ulus (also known as the Golden Horde), Muscovy adopted a number of its political and social institutions. The most crucial events in the almost six-century-long history of relations between Muscovy and the Tatars (13–18th centuries) were the Mongol invasion of the Northern, Eastern and parts of the Southern Rus’ principalities between 1237 and 1241, and the Muscovite annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates between 1552 and 1556. According to the model proposed here, the Tatars began as the dominant partner in these mutual relations; however, from the beginning of the seventeenth century this role was gradually inverted. Indicators of a change in the relationship between the Muscovite grand principality and the Golden Horde can be found in the diplomatic contacts between Muscovy and the Tatar khanates. The main goal of the article is to reveal the changing position of Muscovy within the system of the Later Golden Horde successor states. An additional goal is to revisit the role of the Tatar khanates in the political history of Central Eurasia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Afterword

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
Popular Entertainment ◽  
Departure Point ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Relationship

The recent upturn in biblically based films in Anglophone cinema is the departure point for this Afterword reflecting on the Bible’s impact on popular entertainment and literature in early modern England. Providing a survey of the book’s themes, and drawing together the central arguments, the discussion reminds that literary writers not only read and used the Bible in different ways to different ends, but also imbibed and scrutinized dominant interpretative principles and practices in their work. With this in mind, the Afterword outlines the need for further research into the relationship between biblical readings and literary writings in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe.

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