scholarly journals RELATION OF ANCIENT MATARAM TEMPLE BASED ON NORTH INDIA AND SOUTH INDIA’S CHARACTERISTICS: FROM THE FIGURE-TECTONICS, MASS-SPACE STUDY, AND ORNAMENTATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 334-347
Author(s):  
Samuel H. B. Danuleksono ◽  
Rahadhian Prajudi Herwindo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Planning ◽  
South India ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
North India ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Central Java ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

Abstract- Hinduism is a religion that was born in India and has developed rapidly into the archipelago with evidence of Sanskrit inscriptions and Pallava. The religion had a significant influence on Java which changed the political, economic, social and cultural life which at that time was still a kingdom. The arrival of Indians to Indonesia affected by the reverse flow between Indonesia and India and India and Indonesia. This can be seen by the presence of Indonesian dormitories in Nalanda (North India) and Nagapattinam (South India). The influence of North and South India can be seen from the existence of Hindu-Buddhist temples in the Archipelago which was built in one of the Hindu kingdoms, namely the Kingdom of Ancient Mataram which had areas of authority from Central Java to East Java. The temples that were built are thought to have an identity with temples in North and South India in terms of figure, inner space tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, and ornamentation. This identity is thought to be a close relationship between North India and South India with Indonesia, especially in the era of Ancient Mataram. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship or relationship of Ancient Mataram era temple architecture to North and South Indian temple architecture. The analysis method used is the comparative – qualitative method. Work plans, plans, pieces, site plans, and block plans of 28 Hindu-Buddha tower types in Central Java will be compared in terms of similarities and differences and then analyzed regarding the position of the laying, and elements of the temple so that the relationship between the two countries is found. Data obtained from literature studies and field surveys. The conclusion drawn from this study is that there is a closer relationship with South India than North India. The influence of North India and South India is only limited to the external appearance in the study of figure and ornamentation, while in the study of mass and spatial planning and inner space tectonics is more developed by the people of Ancient Mataram which is adjusted to traditional values and natural influences.     Key Words: figure, tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, ornamentation, North and South India, Ancient Mataram

scholarly journals Diversity in the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori isolates in populations from North and South India

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil Kumar ◽  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Vinod Kumar Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
South India ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Pathogenicity Island ◽  
North India ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
North And South

The cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) has been reported to be the major virulence determinant in Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. In the present study, the diversity of the cagA gene and the integrity of the cagPAI in 158 H. pylori strains from Varanasi (North India) and Hyderabad (South India) were studied by amplifying the cagA gene (∼3.5 kb), followed by PCR-RFLP analysis. The results revealed significant differences in the cagA gene and the integrity of the cagPAI between North and South Indian isolates. Of 158 isolates, 40 (34.8 %) from Varanasi and 20 (46.5 %) from Hyderabad were found to carry an intact cagPAI. A partially deleted cagPAI was present in 75 (65.2 %) isolates from Varanasi and 23 (53.5 %) from Hyderabad. None of the isolates showed complete deletion of the cagPAI. Differences in the cagA 5′ and 3′ regions were also noted, and 11 isolates (8 from Varanasi and 3 from Hyderabad) that were cagA negative with primers for the 5′ region turned out to be cagA positive with primers for the 3′ variable region. It is tentatively concluded that the 3′ variable region may be a better marker for cagA typing. The results also showed that the majority of the isolates harboured the Western-type EPIYA motif. PCR-RFLP analysis of the cagA gene showed 29 distinguishable digestion patterns, and cluster analysis of RFLP types from a random selection of 32 isolates placed all of the isolates into 5 groups. These results demonstrate that significant differences in the cagPAI occur among isolates from North and South India, and that RFLP of cagA could be employed for elucidating genetic variations among various isolates of H. pylori.

Phylogeny based on 16S rDNA andnifHsequences ofRalstonia taiwanensisstrains isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules ofMimosa pudica, in India

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Chandra Verma ◽  
Soumitra Paul Chowdhury ◽  
Anil Kumar Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
South India ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
North India ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Free Living ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian Isolates ◽  
Dinitrogenase Reductase

Bacterial symbionts present in the indeterminate-type nitrogen (N)-fixing nodules of Mimosa pudica grown in North and South India showed maximum similarity to Ralstonia taiwanensis on the basis of carbon-source utilization patterns and 16S rDNA sequence. Isolates from the nodules of M. pudica from North India and South India showed identical ARDRA (Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis) patterns with Sau3AI and RsaI, but AluI revealed dimorphy between the North Indian and South Indian isolates. Alignment of 16S rDNA sequences revealed similarity of North Indian isolates with an R. taiwanensis strain isolated from M. pudica in Taiwan, whereas South Indian isolates showed closer relatedness with the isolates from Mimosa diplotricha. Alignment of nifH sequences from both North Indian and South Indian isolates with that of the related isolates revealed their closer affinity to α-rhizobia, suggesting that nif genes in the β-rhizobia might have been acquired from α-rhizobia via lateral transfer during co-occupancy of nodules by α-rhizobia and progenitors of R. taiwanensis, members of the β-subclass of Proteobacteria. Immunological cross-reaction of the bacteroid preparation of M. pudica nodules showed strong a positive signal with anti-dinitrogenase reductase antibody, whereas a weak positive cross-reaction was observed with free-living R. taiwanensis grown microaerobically in minimal medium with and without NH4Cl. In spite of the expression of dinitrogenase reductase under free-living conditions, acetylene reduction was not observed under N-free conditions even after prolonged incubation.Key words: symbiotic nitrogen fixation, Mimosa pudica, rhizobia, phylogeny, 16S rDNA, nifH, Ralstonia taiwanensis.

Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India

1987 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
David West Rudner
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
South India ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
South Indian ◽  
European Trade ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Commercial Expansion ◽  
Transactional Models

AbstractsMost accounts of South Indian commerce in the seventeenth century depend on European documents and focus on Indo-European trade along the Malabar and Coromandel coasts. This article makes use of indigenous documents to analyze the way a caste of itinerant salt traders, the Nakarattars, combined worship and commerce in the interior of Tamil-speaking South India. It focuses on Nakarattar activities in the seventeenth century before they had achieved power under their better-known name, Nattukottai Chettiars, and at a time when their commercial expansion was just getting under way and when the close association of this expansion with rituals of religious gifting was already apparent. The two main purposes of the article are to illuminate the ritual dimension of commercial activity in precolonial South India and to enrich current transactional models of the relationship between temples and small groups in South India by incorporating a mercantile perspective.

scholarly journals Tracing the biogeographical origin of South Asian populations using DNA SatNav

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranajit Das ◽  
Priyanka Upadhyai
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South Asian ◽  
South India ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Population History ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Indian Populations ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
South Indian ◽  
North And South

AbstractThe Indian subcontinent includes India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka that collectively share common anthropological and cultural roots. Given the enigmatic population structure, complex history and genetic heterogeneity of populations from this region, their biogeographical origin and history remain a fascinating question. In this study we carried out an in-depth genetic comparison of the five South Asian populations available in the 1000 Genomes Project, namely Gujarati Indians from Houston, Texas (GIH), Punjabis from Lahore (PJL), Indian Telugus from UK (ITU), Sri Lankan Tamils from UK (STU) and Bengalis from Bangladesh (BEB), tracing their putative biogeographical origin using a DNA SatNav algorithm - Geographical Population Structure (GPS). GPS positioned >70% of GIH and PJL genomes in North India and >80% of ITU and STU samples in South India. All South Asian genomes appeared to be assigned with reasonable accuracy, along trade routes that thrived in the ancient Mauryan Empire, which had played a significant role in unifying the Indian subcontinent and in the process brought the ancient North and South Indian populations in close proximity, promoting admixture between them, ~2300 years before present (YBP). Our findings suggest that the genetic admixture between ancient North and South Indian populations likely first occurred along the Godavari and Krishna river basin in Central-South India. Finally our biogeographical analyses provide critical insights into the population history and sociocultural forces driving migration patterns that may have been instrumental in shaping the population structure of the Indian subcontinent.

scholarly journals Does Job Satisfaction and Employee Commitment pave way for Employee Engagement in IT Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S4) ◽  
pp. 307-313
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
South India ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Hygiene Factors ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
The Relationship

Present study is a descriptive and analytical in nature aiming to bring out the relationship of job satisfaction and employee commitment on employee engagement of the employees working in IT companies of South India. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study adopts descriptive and analytical approach it, starts with clear variables which are derived from theory and based on these variables. The data for the study was collected through the structured questionnaire. The sample for the present study was collected from the IT companies working in South India. A total 785 questionnaires were returned by the respondents, this indicating a response rate of 59 %. The questionnaire uses five point Likert type response format is used for all the measures ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. SPSS 21 and Microsoft excel are the statistical packages and correlation and regression are the tools used in the present study Findings: A significant relationship was found between job satisfaction and commitment with employee engagement of the employees working in IT companies of South India. If Job Satisfaction does not exist in an employee, his level of engagement would be minimal. Employee may be working to maintain hygiene factors according to Herzberg but the management won’t be able to motivate him to either enhance productivity or engage him with the organization. Commitment comes when the hygiene factors are maintained. Every employees looks forward to ensure that the employee is committed. Only then they can motivate them to be engaged. Hence, it observed that all the commitment of employees are mandatory for employee engagement Originality/value: This study provides insightful findings in understanding the role organizational competencies like job satisfaction and employee commitment play in facilitating employee engagement. This study also shows the importance of the demographic variables with employee’s engagement. In spite of the limitations of the research, the study contributed to the international human resources management by exploring the South Indian IT company’s context. The theoretical framework proposes the relationship between employee engagement, job satisfaction and employee commitment. The study has found that job satisfaction and employee commitment is correlated with employee engagement and serves as the important indicator for engaging employees.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF FORMS AND TECTONICS OF OLD CLASSICAL ERA HINDU TEMPLE IN JAVA WITH HINDU TEMPLES OF PALLAVA ERA IN SOUTH INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 306-323
Author(s):  
Laurentius Nicholas Rodriques ; Rahadhian P. Herwindo
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Initial Image ◽  
Hindu Temple ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Hindu Temples ◽  
Architecture Style ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Unique Relationship

Abstract- Hindu temples in Java and Hindu temples in South India, often receive attention in the world of architecture due to the similarity of the Dravidian Architecture style of the temple in both places. The similarities are marked by the shape of a layered pyramid roof, yet it is not exactly similar if we observe all the architecture features and elements. The author tries to simplify the comparison of form and tectonics as seen from the general tectonic division of a building which are the feet, body and head. From the findings, it can be concluded that there are similarities in the 'basic idea' or 'initial image' of Hindu temple buildings in both places. However, after careful review of the form and tectonics in both places, they have their own unrelated characteristics. This study shows a unique relationship between the architecture of the Javanese Hindu Temple and South India where the relationship that occurs cannot be said to be one of the parties influencing the other party or vice versa. The findings from this study actually show the thick characteristics of each place. The distinguishing factor could be due to differences in nature, preferences, culture or technology at the two locations in that era. Even though Hinduism is a religion that originated from India, it seems that in terms of architecture it cannot be said that Javanese copied Indian Hindu architecture. This research shows that the architecture of Hindu temples has a common thread that binds to its basic principles, but the results of design processing will differ depending on the context and design. Key Words: temple, temple, Hindu, Javanese, South Indian, Form, Tectonic

TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SOUTH INDIAN GALLSTONES BY PIXE

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ASHOK ◽  
S. NARAYANA KALKUPA ◽  
V. J. KENNEDY ◽  
A. MARKWITZ ◽  
V. JAYANTHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Trace Element Analysis ◽  
North India ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Cholesterol Gallstones ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Pigment Gallstones ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Experimental Subjects

Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was used to analyse the elemental concentration of gallstones collected from different parts of south India. Cholesterol gallstones are predominant in north India, whereas pigment gallstones are predominant in south India. The black pigment gallstones are common in hemolytic anemia or in presence of infected bile. PIXE has revealed the elemental profile in each sample. The experimental subjects of the different groups displayed significant variation in their levels of certain trace elements such as copper, zinc, and iron. The concentration of copper was found to be predominant in pigment gallstones investigated in the present study.

Tāla and melody in early Indian music: a study of Nānyadeva's Pāṇikā songs with musical notation

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-508
Author(s):  
D. R. Widdess
Keyword(s):  
Art Music ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Musical Notation ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian Music ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rhythmic Organization ◽  
North And South ◽  
Indian Art

Detailed information about the rhythmic organization of Indian art-music in the pre-Muslim period is provided by three Sanskrit treatises: the Nātyaśāstra attributed to Bharata (compiled before the fifth century A.D.: hereafter cited as BhNS); the Dattilam of Dattila (DD; of similar date); and the Saṅgītaratnākara of Śārṅgadeva (SSR; written between 1210 and 1247). The system of rhythm described in these texts differs in many respects from the tālasystems of modern North and South Indian music. It is therefore of the greatest interest to find, albeit in a comparatively late source (c. 1100), examples of melodies from the pre-Muslim period preserved in notation, which appear to exemplify the early Indian rhythmic system, and from which it is possible to draw conclusions about the relationship between tala and melody.

Hindustani Classical Music in Sri Lanka: A Dominating Minority Music or an Imposed Musical Ideology?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Chinthaka Prageeth Meddegoda
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
South India ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
North India ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian Music ◽  
Hindustani Classical Music

In Sri Lanka, the various groups of Tamils are jointly the largest minority group who migrated from different places of South India and in different time periods. South Indian music is widely appreciated and learnt by both the Sinhala including by large parts of the Tamil minority spread over Sri Lanka. Although a number of Sinhala people prefer and practice North Indian music geographically, and probably culturally, they are much closer to South India than to North India. Some historical sources report that Sinhalese are descendants of North Indians who are believed to be Aryans who migrated from Persia to the Northern part of India in the 13th century and later. Therefore, some scholarly authorities believe that the Sinhalese ‘naturally’ prefer North Indian music as they also continue the suggested Aryan heritage. Nevertheless, some other sources reveal that the North Indian music was spread in Sri Lanka during the British rule with the coming of the Parsi Theatre (Bombay theatre), which largely promoted Hindustani raga-based compositions. This paper explores selected literature and opinions of some interviewees and discusses what could be the reasons for preferences of North Indian music by the Sinhalese. The interviewees were chosen according to their professional profile and willingness to participate in this research. As a result, this paper will offer insights through analysing various opinions and statements made by a number of interviewees. The research also considered some theories which may relate to the case whether Hindustani classical music is due to these reasons a dominating minority culture or a rather self-imposed musical ideology. The latter would establish an aesthetic hierarchy, which is not reflected in the cultural reality of Sri Lanka. This is a new research scrutinizing a long-term situation of performing arts education in this country taking mainly interviews as a departing point.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF MAJAPAHIT TEMPLES WITH VASUSASTRA-MANASARA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 384-401
Author(s):  
Ruth Meiliani Surya ◽  
Harastoeti Dibyo Hartono
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
North India ◽  
Indian Architecture ◽  
Original Culture ◽  
Space Layout ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Dominant Influence

Abstract- Vastusastra is a text which discusses Indian architecture which is published in several books, included Manasara. Vastusastra contains guidline for building Indian construction, including religious building such as temples. Although the narrative was made for the construction of temples in India, it turns out that there are some elements in vastu that also found in Mataram Kuno temples. This raises questions about the relationship of Indian architecture with Majapahit, which was the era after Ancient Mataram, given the Hindu-Buddhist influence still existed in the Majapahit era. To find out this, vastusastra-Manasara was used as a benchmark to find out the elements of the Majapahit temple which was influenced by India, especially South India which was thought to have a more dominant influence than North India on temple architecture in Indonesia.                 This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach by describing the figure and mass-space layout of Majapahit temples that have been selected as the object of research and compared with vastusastra-Manasara's narrative using reference objects to facilitate analysis in order to find out the relations of the Majapahit era temples with vastusastra-Manasara narrative.                 Based on the results of the study, it was found that the temples of the Majapahit era still have relations with vastusastra-Manasara narrative when viewed in terms of figure and mass-space layout. But the relationship between the two can be said to be increasingly decreased. The re-domination of the original culture of Indonesian society in the Majapahit era and the influence of other cultures such as China is thought to be the cause of the waning influence of India on the architecture of the Majapahit temple. This led to the fusion of culture in the Majapahit temple and resulted in variations of new temples that had never existed before.   Key Words: candi, majapahit, temple, vastusatra, manasara, relation

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